The content shared online is always changing because of the creativity of users who remix, parody, or caption popular images or videos, to create memes.
Memes may seem basic, but from a linguistic point of view, they're remarkably sophisticated, expressing and sharing ideas and opinions.

Memes

Memes have their origins in the world of academia. Richard Dawkins coined the term 'meme' in his 1976 book, The Selfish Gene. Dawkins describes a meme as "a unit of cultural transmission or imitation."
The word comes from the Greek 'mimema', meaning imitated.

Origins of memes

Internet memes are units of popular culture that are shared, imitated, and changed by users.
The first meme on the internet was the sideways 'smiley' :-) , created in 1982. The practice of using punctuation markers to show emotion spread quickly and later other expressions, such as :-( and ;-) were added. The first example of digital viral content is the Hampster Dance meme - rows of dancing hamster GIFs - created by an art student in 1998.

Going viral

New memes emerged that included animals with human characteristics, such as Advice Dog and Grumpy Cat.
Later in the naughties, memes began to feature celebrities and ordinary people, like Charlie Bit My Finger and Leave Britney Alone. These memes came from viral videos or a media event.

Next-generation memes

Memes are also used to promote certain political ideas or ideologies.
Websites such as Meme Generator can use the humor of memes to try and destroy the arguments of rival political movements.

Other uses of memes

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<figure> <iframe src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/205738/original/file-20180209-51727-1b84ssm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=926&amp;fit=clip" frameborder="0" width="560" height="315"></iframe><figcaption> Chemistry Cat's got some knowledge for you. <a href="http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/chemistry-cat">Know Your Meme</a></figcaption></figure>
There's never a dull moment on the internet, and that's got a lot to do with the fact that the content shared online is constantly changing - thanks in part to the creativity of users who remix, parody or caption popular images or videos, to create memes.
Punchy and humorous, memes are the perfect fodder for an internet culture shaped by viral sharing and creative participation. They may seem basic, but from a linguistic point of view, they're surprisingly sophisticated. Meme creators use "multimodal grammar" (in other words, images and captions) to express and share ideas and opinions. By tagging their friends in memes shared on social networks, people add their own personal meanings to the content. 
Despite their popularity, it's not widely known that the meme has its origins in the world of academia. The term "meme" is rooted in evolutionary biology, and was coined by Richard Dawkins in his famous 1976 book, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/may/29/selfish-gene-40-years-richard-dawkins-do-ideas-stand-up-adam-rutherford">The Selfish Gene</a>. According to Dawkins, a meme is "a unit of cultural transmission or imitation": his examples include the concept of God, nursery rhymes and jokes, catchphrases and fashion trends. 
The word comes from the Greek "mimema", meaning imitated, which Dawkins supposedly shortened to rhyme with <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcc4.12013/abstract">gene</a>; a nod to the similarities between the survival of certain memes through the evolution of culture, and the survival of certain genes through the process of natural selection. 
<h2>Going viral</h2>
Internet memes, as we know them today, are units of popular culture that are circulated, imitated and transformed by users. <a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/memes-digital-culture">Limor Shifman</a>, a key scholar in the study of internet memes, argues that a meme is not a single idea or image which is spread across social sites, but a group of items that were created with awareness of each other. For example, the famous <a href="https://twitter.com/realgrumpycat">Grumpy Cat</a> meme is not the cat himself, but the whole set of memes generated with his image.
The first meme on the internet was actually the sideways "smiley" - :-) - <a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/%7Esef/sefSmiley.htm">created in 1982</a> by American computer scientist Scott E. Fahlman. The practice of using punctuation markers to show emotion was quickly picked up by internet users all over the world, and several other expressions, such as :-( and ;-), were added to the repertoire of the "emoticon" meme. 
In 1998, when the web was enjoying more mainstream use, the <a href="http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/hampster-dance">Hampster Dance meme</a> - depicting rows of dancing hamster GIFs, on the website of Canadian art student Deidre Lacarte - became popular. By the end of June 1999, the site had been visited 17m times. It later spawned <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXJ5oaU940U">a catchy song</a> by the Cuban Boys and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qN72LEQnaU">a viral remix</a> by Hampton the Hamster, as well as several copycat sites. This meme, as simple as it may be, is one of the first examples of viral digital content. 
<h2>Next gen memes</h2>
New breeds of memes emerged in the second half of the naughties, alongside the proliferation of pet photos shared online. The well-known examples were <a href="http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/advice-dog">Advice Dog</a>, <a href="http://icanhas.cheezburger.com/lolcats">LOLCats</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/realgrumpycat">Grumpy Cat</a>. Animals with human characteristics have long been a part of human culture - from ancient Egyptian gods to children's stories such as Peter Rabbit - so it's hardly surprising to see them revived in the digital era as memes. 
Starting from the late naughties, memes began to feature celebrities and ordinary people. Examples include <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OBlgSz8sSM">Charlie Bit My Finger</a>, <a href="http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/kanye-interrupts-imma-let-you-finish">Kanye Interrupts</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqSTXuJeTks">Leave Britney Alone</a> and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyUFzNVolG8">Cash Me Ousside/How Bah Dah</a>. These memes all came from a media event or a viral video, which agile internet users parodied, imitated, remixed and mashed up. 
Memes are also used by people to promote certain political ideas or ideologies. Pepe the Frog, for example, was appropriated from the comic series Boy's Club by the alt-Right, ultimately becoming <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/entertainment/pepe-the-frog-is-now-a-racist-symbol/2016/09/28/39797d3a-85b9-11e6-b57d-dd49277af02f_video.html?utm_term=.4ef1e8359970">a racist symbol</a> before being <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/pepe-frog-dead-meme-matt-furie-kills-alt-right-image-white-supremacists-hijacked-a7723586.html">killed off</a> by his creator Matt Furie. 
Using websites such as <a href="https://memegenerator.net/">Meme Generator</a>, people can use the biting humour of memes to try to delegitimise the arguments and leaders of rival political movements. This kind of activity ramped up around major political events such as <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211695816301684?via%3Dihub">the US</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/youthquake-was-a-myth-but-social-media-campaigning-is-here-to-stay-90875">UK elections</a> - and met with <a href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/09/short-life-and-brutal-death-activate-tory-momentum">varying degrees of success</a>. 
Memes will continue evolving, along with the advances and changes in digital communication. Yet one thing that remains the same is humans' desire to connect with one another and create a shared culture. Trivial as they may seem, memes contribute to this shared culture by fostering people's imagination, creativity and involvement in society through new media.
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There's never a dull moment on the internet, and that's got a lot to do with the fact that the content shared online is constantly changing - thanks in part to the creativity of users who remix, parody or caption popular images or videos, to create memes.

The surprising academic origins of memes

Memes

Origins of memes

Going viral

Next-generation memes

Other uses of memes

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