In the early 19th century, psychologists feared that imaginary friends could be a sign of emotional unstability or psychological problems in children.
But over the last two decades, scientists have learned that invisible friends are really a sign of positive developmental progress.

Imaginary friends are healthy

Studies found that 65% of children play with invisible playmates. Children typically start inventing imaginary friends at age three to five.
Children make up imaginary friends to relieve loneliness, especially firstborn or only children. Another reason is to have someone to blame for bad behaviour or mischief.

Reasons for imaginary companions

Children who have fantasy friends are more socially aware. They can put themselves in other people's shoes better than peers who don't have imaginary friends.
Children with imaginary friends tend to talk more about personalities than visual clues when describing real friends, suggesting that they focus more on the minds of others than their looks. Children with invisible playmates are also more creative than others.

Benefits of fantasy friends

Parents often wonder how they should approach their children's imaginary friend. 
Most children with imaginary friends understand the difference between their own fantasy and reality. The best thing then is to accept the imaginary playmate and join in with the child.

Imaginary friends: the role of parents

<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/249708/original/file-20181210-76977-143h6ep.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=926&amp;fit=clip"><figcaption dir="ltr">
 ‘Let’s go on an adventure, Teddy.’
 <a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/toddler-teddy-267936410?src=3lmtKwir7W54A2gmkv8bhQ-1-0" dir="ltr">lassedesignen/Shutterstock</a>
 </figcaption></figure>Psychologists first became interested in imaginary friends in the early 19th century because they feared they could be a sign of <a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-10398-001" dir="ltr">emotional unstability</a> or psychological problems in children. But as scientists have learned more about these invisible playmates over the last two decades, it has become increasingly clear that they are actually quite the opposite – a sign of positive developmental progress.Imaginary friends among children is surprisingly common. Most people either know someone who had an imaginary playmate as a child, or had one themselves. Some studies have found that as many <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f996/22810b3936b0cb2150ed31e546a1a38b9b75.pdf" dir="ltr">65% of children</a> play with invisible companions. Children typically start inventing imaginary friends between the ages of three and five. And they have been <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0044463" dir="ltr">reported in children around the world</a> from English speaking cultures, to Kenya, Japan and Nepal. And not just typically developing children have them, those with Down Syndrome and children diagnosed with autism also <a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-12483-001" dir="ltr">enjoy playing with fantasy friends</a>. Children make up imaginary friends for many different reasons, and each fantasy friend is unique and special to their creator. But a common reason is simply to relieve loneliness. If you think up an imaginary person, you have someone to play with at all times. This is one reason why children who are first born or only children – who don’t have siblings – are more likely to play with imaginary friends.Another common reason for creating a fantasy friend is having someone to blame for bad behaviour or mischief. Imaginary friends <a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-06861-000" dir="ltr">are often the reason for broken windows</a> or untidy rooms according to their child creators.<h2>Benefits of fantasy friends</h2>Research has found that youngsters who make fantasy friends are more socially aware than children who do not have an imaginary playmate. For example, children with imaginary friends can <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266795315_Imaginary_companions_theory_of_mind_and_emotion_understanding_in_young_children" dir="ltr">put themselves in other people’s shoes</a> better than peers who have not made an imaginary friend. This means that they can think about how other people might see things differently than they do, and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848753" dir="ltr">this could help them in social situations</a>. Other studies have found that children with imaginary friends <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/icd.1869" dir="ltr">focus more on the minds of others</a> than their looks. For example, research has shown that these children tend to talk more about personalities than visual clues when describing real friends. They have also been shown to [have a better understanding of themselvels] and that the fact that their thoughts cannot leak out of their minds – something that children tend to find difficult to understand. Some studies have found that children with imaginary friends <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10400419.2005.9651477" dir="ltr">are also more creative than others</a>. With all these benefits though, it is currently hard to tell exactly whether imaginary friends actually cause them or whether children who are just generally more creative and socially aware are more likely to have such friends. That said, it does seem likely that playing with an imaginary friend over time will further boost a child’s social abilities, even if they are good to begin with.<figure><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/249709/original/file-20181210-76977-jo15vh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/249709/original/file-20181210-76977-jo15vh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=399&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/249709/original/file-20181210-76977-jo15vh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=399&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/249709/original/file-20181210-76977-jo15vh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=399&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/249709/original/file-20181210-76977-jo15vh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/249709/original/file-20181210-76977-jo15vh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/249709/original/file-20181210-76977-jo15vh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w" width="600" height="399"><figcaption dir="auto">Imaginary friends can relieve loneliness. RonTech3000/Shutterstock</figcaption></figure>These are all findings that point to positive social and emotional developments that serve an important purpose in childhood. As we grow older, we typically have more freedom to make new friends and spend less time alone. We also understand the social world a lot better. However, while most children therefore stop playing with imaginary friends after a few years, some continue to spend time with them. And researchers have discovered that the positive qualities of having imaginary friends in childhood continue through development. Adolescents with problem behaviours who have imaginary friends have been found to have more positive <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20677857" dir="ltr">adjustment and coping skills</a> than those without.Adults can also have imaginary friends, though it is rare. Some even argue that authors <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247871526_The_Illusion_of_Independent_Agency_Do_Adult_Fiction_Writers_Experience_Their_Characters_as_Having_Minds_of_Their_Own" dir="ltr">have imaginary friends in their characters</a>, because they do things authors didn’t expect when writing and which help to create the character’s own stories.<h2>The role of parents</h2>Parents often wonder how they should approach their children’s imaginary friend. The evidence suggests that the best thing to do is to accept the imaginary playmate and join in with the child. For example, if your child is playing with the friend before dinnertime, you might suggest setting the table for the friend as well. Parents of children with imaginary friends are actually <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/icd.349" dir="ltr">better at describing their children’s play</a> than those parents of children who do not have them, suggesting that they might be more in tune with their children’s behaviour. It is not uncommon to have an imaginary friend <a href="https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/autonomy-and-control-in-childrens-interactions-with-imaginary-com-2" dir="ltr">who doesn’t play nicely</a>. For example, some imaginary friends will not share toys or do what the child asks, while others might say mean things to the child. In these cases, it might be helpful for the parent to listen to what the child is saying about the friend and troubleshoot the problem together with the child. Although these friends may not seem positive, they are actually helping the child understand their social world in the same way as the imaginary friends that play nicely. Of course there are rare occasions when parents should worry about imaginary playmates, such as when the child thinks their friend is actually real. Most children with imaginary friends understand the difference between their own fantasy and reality. So in the vast majority of cases, invisible friends are just another example of children’s amazing <a href="https://theconversation.com/five-ways-to-make-your-child-a-creative-genius-71170" dir="ltr">imaginative abilities</a> – and one that may actually benefit them.

Children with imaginary friends tend to be creative and have more empathy.

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

health

Health

parenting

Parenting

communication

Communication

loveandrelationships

Love & Relationships

Psychologists first became interested in imaginary friends in the early 19th century because they feared they could be a sign of <a dir="ltr" href="http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-10398-001">emotional unstability </a>or psychological problems in children. But as scientists have learned more about these invisible playmates over the last two decades, it has become increasingly clear that they are actually quite the opposite – a sign of positive developmental progress.

Imaginary friends among children is surprisingly common. Most people either know someone who had an imaginary playmate as a child, or had one themselves. Some studies have found that as many <a dir="ltr" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f996/22810b3936b0cb2150ed31e546a1a38b9b75.pdf">65% of children </a>play with invisible companions.

Children typically start inventing imaginary friends between the ages of three and five. And they have been <a dir="ltr" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0044463">reported in children around the world </a>from English speaking cultures, to Kenya, Japan and Nepal. And not just typically developing children have them, those with Down Syndrome and children diagnosed with autism also <a dir="ltr" href="http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-12483-001">enjoy playing with fantasy friends </a>.

Children make up imaginary friends for many different reasons, and each fantasy friend is unique and special to their creator. But a common reason is simply to relieve loneliness. If you think up an imaginary person, you have someone to play with at all times. This is one reason why children who are first born or only children – who don’t have siblings – are more likely to play with imaginary friends.

Another common reason for creating a fantasy friend is having someone to blame for bad behaviour or mischief. Imaginary friends <a dir="ltr" href="http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-06861-000">are often the reason for broken windows </a>or untidy rooms according to their child creators.

Research has found that youngsters who make fantasy friends are more socially aware than children who do not have an imaginary playmate. For example, children with imaginary friends can <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266795315_Imaginary_companions_theory_of_mind_and_emotion_understanding_in_young_children">put themselves in other people’s shoes </a>better than peers who have not made an imaginary friend. This means that they can think about how other people might see things differently than they do, and <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848753">this could help them in social situations </a>.

Other studies have found that children with imaginary friends <a dir="ltr" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/icd.1869">focus more on the minds of others </a>than their looks. For example, research has shown that these children tend to talk more about personalities than visual clues when describing real friends. They have also been shown to [have a better understanding of themselvels] and that the fact that their thoughts cannot leak out of their minds – something that children tend to find difficult to understand.

Some studies have found that children with imaginary friends <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10400419.2005.9651477">are also more creative than others </a>. With all these benefits though, it is currently hard to tell exactly whether imaginary friends actually cause them or whether children who are just generally more creative and socially aware are more likely to have such friends. That said, it does seem likely that playing with an imaginary friend over time will further boost a child’s social abilities, even if they are good to begin with.

These are all findings that point to positive social and emotional developments that serve an important purpose in childhood. As we grow older, we typically have more freedom to make new friends and spend less time alone. We also understand the social world a lot better. However, while most children therefore stop playing with imaginary friends after a few years, some continue to spend time with them. And researchers have discovered that the positive qualities of having imaginary friends in childhood continue through development. Adolescents with problem behaviours who have imaginary friends have been found to have more positive <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20677857">adjustment and coping skills </a>than those without.

Adults can also have imaginary friends, though it is rare. Some even argue that authors <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247871526_The_Illusion_of_Independent_Agency_Do_Adult_Fiction_Writers_Experience_Their_Characters_as_Having_Minds_of_Their_Own">have imaginary friends in their characters </a>, because they do things authors didn’t expect when writing and which help to create the character’s own stories.

Parents often wonder how they should approach their children’s imaginary friend. The evidence suggests that the best thing to do is to accept the imaginary playmate and join in with the child.

For example, if your child is playing with the friend before dinnertime, you might suggest setting the table for the friend as well. Parents of children with imaginary friends are actually <a dir="ltr" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/icd.349">better at describing their children’s play </a>than those parents of children who do not have them, suggesting that they might be more in tune with their children’s behaviour.

It is not uncommon to have an imaginary friend <a dir="ltr" href="https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/autonomy-and-control-in-childrens-interactions-with-imaginary-com-2">who doesn’t play nicely </a>. For example, some imaginary friends will not share toys or do what the child asks, while others might say mean things to the child. In these cases, it might be helpful for the parent to listen to what the child is saying about the friend and troubleshoot the problem together with the child. Although these friends may not seem positive, they are actually helping the child understand their social world in the same way as the imaginary friends that play nicely.

Of course there are rare occasions when parents should worry about imaginary playmates, such as when the child thinks their friend is actually real. Most children with imaginary friends understand the difference between their own fantasy and reality. So in the vast majority of cases, invisible friends are just another example of children’s amazing <a dir="ltr" href="https://theconversation.com/five-ways-to-make-your-child-a-creative-genius-71170">imaginative abilities </a>– and one that may actually benefit them.

How imaginary friends could boost children's development

Imaginary friends are healthy

Reasons for imaginary companions

Benefits of fantasy friends

Imaginary friends: the role of parents

CURATED BY

Related collections

More like this