The principles for a positive and constructive discussion are framing your conversation in positivity.

By framing conversations to focus on the positive, one can move a problem forward.

Conversations between doctors and parents talking about the wellbeing of a child can often look like negotiations, even if not intended.

Parents may say that they are worried that their child may have an infection and the doctor may think that the parent expects antibiotics.

The doctor hears “infection” and immediately makes the connection with antibiotics. But for parents, that association does not exist.

In a study, one group of physicians were instructed to ask their patients: "Is there anything else you want to address?" The other group were asked to say: "Is there something else you want to address?"

People in crisis are often emotional and incoherent. 

Questions with “Yes” or “No” answers are very useful for getting information quickly.

With more subtle questions, give a "menu" of at least three possible answers to avoid the question being misinterpreted.