While eating out, shopping, or during a donation drive, some of us make choices that we wouldn’t normally make.
Studies on consumer behaviour show that while some would mimic or copy the behaviour of the person they observe, some would choose to do the exact opposite.

How We Copy The Choices Of Others

Our choices become influenced by society, and this creates a vicious circle where what is being done by the other person is seen as appropriate to others.
Extensive studies show people replicate parts of behaviour in a social setting while showing their own preference towards some aspects of the decision. Example: While opting to donate in charitable institutions, people would match the amount but choose a charity of their own preference.

Choices And Social Signals

<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/291155/original/file-20190905-175691-5wvcll.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=496&amp;fit=clip" width="496" height="352"><figcaption dir="ltr">
 The choice of flavor may be up to you, but the number of scoops will depend on what your companion gets.
 <a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/various-ice-cream-on-pink-pastel-674512801" dir="ltr">Zamurovic Photography/Shutterstock.com</a>
 </figcaption></figure><h3>Disclosure statement</h3>Brent McFerran receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Kelly L. Haws and Peggy Liu do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.<h3>Partners</h3><img alt="Vanderbilt University" src="https://images.theconversation.com/institutions/1293/logos/logo-1413418213.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=170&amp;h=170" width="120" height="153"><img alt="Simon Fraser University " src="https://images.theconversation.com/partners/1063/logos/logo-1520880023.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=170&amp;h=170" width="120" height="60"><img alt="University of Pittsburgh" src="https://images.theconversation.com/partners/1065/logos/logo-1570542112.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=170&amp;h=170" width="120" height="37"><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/vanderbilt-university-1293" dir="ltr">Vanderbilt University</a> provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation US.<a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/simon-fraser-university-1282" dir="ltr">Simon Fraser University </a> provides funding as a member of The Conversation CA.<a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/simon-fraser-university-1282" dir="ltr">Simon Fraser University</a> provides funding as a member of The Conversation CA-FR.<a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-pittsburgh-854" dir="ltr">University of Pittsburgh</a> provides funding as a member of The Conversation US.Imagine you’re dining out at a casual restaurant with some friends. After looking over the menu, you decide to order the steak. But then, after a dinner companion orders a salad for their main course, you declare: “I’ll have the salad too.” This kind of situation – making choices that you probably otherwise wouldn’t make <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucv012" dir="ltr">were you alone</a> – probably happens more often than you think in a wide variety of settings, from eating out to shopping and even donating to charity. And it’s not just a matter of you suddenly realizing the salad sounds more appetizing. <a href="https://explorable.com/chameleon-effect" dir="ltr">Prior research has shown</a> people have a tendency to mimic the choices and behaviors of others. But other work suggests people also want to do the exact opposite to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/317585" dir="ltr">signal their uniqueness</a> in a group by making a different choice from others.As scholars who examine consumer behavior, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0022243719853221" dir="ltr">we wanted</a> to resolve this discrepancy: What makes people more likely to copy others’ behavior, and what leads them to do their own thing? <h2>A social signal</h2>We developed a theory that how and why people match or mimic others’ choices depends a lot on the attributes of the thing being selected. Choices have what we call “ordinal” attributes that can be ranked objectively – such as size or price – as well as “nominal” attributes that are not as easily ranked – such as flavor or shape. We hypothesized that ordinal attributes have more social influence, alerting others to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.08.007" dir="ltr">what may be seen as “appropriate”</a> in a given context. Nominal attributes, on the other hand, would seem to be understood as a reflection of one’s personal preferences. So we performed 11 studies to test our theory. <figure><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/290592/original/file-20190902-175678-sn1350.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/290592/original/file-20190902-175678-sn1350.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=373&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/290592/original/file-20190902-175678-sn1350.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=373&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/290592/original/file-20190902-175678-sn1350.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=373&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/290592/original/file-20190902-175678-sn1350.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=468&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/290592/original/file-20190902-175678-sn1350.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=468&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/290592/original/file-20190902-175678-sn1350.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=468&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w" width="600" height="373"><figcaption dir="ltr">
 Size may be social, but flavor remains a personal choice.
 <a class="source" href="http://www.apimages.com/metadata/Index/Breast-Milk-Ice-Cream/8d3828c71ff542c193c3a4a1c2920310/239/0" dir="ltr">AP Photo/Toby Talbot</a>
 </figcaption></figure><h2>One scoop or two</h2>In one study conducted with 190 undergraduate students, we told participants that they were on their way to an ice cream parlor with a friend to get a cone. We then told our would-be ice cream consumers that their companion was getting either one scoop of vanilla, one scoop of chocolate, two scoops of vanilla or two scoops of chocolate. We then asked participants what they wanted to order. We found that people were much more likely to order the same size as their companion but not the same flavor.The participants seemed to interpret the number of scoops the companion ordered as an indication of what’s appropriate. For example, ordering two scoops might signal “permission” to indulge or seem the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.11.0261" dir="ltr">more financially savvy</a> – if less healthy – choice, since it usually costs only marginally more than one. Or a single scoop might suggest “let’s enjoy some ice cream – but not too much.”The choice of chocolate or vanilla, on the other hand, is readily understood as a personal preference and thus signals nothing about which is better or more appropriate. I like vanilla, you like chocolate – everyone’s happy.We also asked participants to rate how important avoiding social discomfort was in their decision. Those who ordered the same number of scoops as their companion rated it as more important than those who picked a different amount. <figure><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/290769/original/file-20190903-175668-122r5rq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/290769/original/file-20190903-175668-122r5rq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/290769/original/file-20190903-175668-122r5rq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/290769/original/file-20190903-175668-122r5rq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/290769/original/file-20190903-175668-122r5rq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/290769/original/file-20190903-175668-122r5rq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/290769/original/file-20190903-175668-122r5rq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w" width="600" height="400"><figcaption dir="ltr">
 Study participants gave the same amounts to charities as their peers, but they weren’t swayed on whether to give to elephants or polar bears.
 <a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/chiang-rai-thailand-january-8-2017-1252190155?src=-1-10" dir="ltr">LunaseeStudios/Shutterstock.com</a>
 </figcaption></figure><h2>Examining other contexts</h2>In the other studies, we replicated our results using different products, in various settings and with a variety of ordinal and nominal attributes.For example, in another experiment, we gave participants US$1 to buy one of four granola bars from a mock store we set up inside the University of Pittsburgh’s Katz/CBA Business Research Center. As the ordinal attribute, we used <a href="https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.65.1.71.18132" dir="ltr">brand prestige</a>: They could pick either a more expensive well-known national brand or a cheaper one sold by a grocery store under its own label. Our nominal attribute was chocolate or peanut butter. Before making the choice, a “store employee” stationed behind the checkout register told participants she or he had tested out a granola bar, randomly specifying one of the four – without saying anything about how it tasted. We rotated which granola bar the employee mentioned every hour during the five-day experiment. Similar to the ice cream study, participants tended to choose the brand that the employee said he or she had chosen – whether it was the cheaper or pricier one – but ignored the suggested flavor.Moving away from food, we also examined influences on charitable donations. In this study, we recruited online participants who were paid for their time. In addition, we gave each participant 50 cents to either keep or donate to charity. If they chose to donate the money, they could give all of it or half to a charity focused on saving either <a href="https://www.savetheelephants.org/" dir="ltr">elephants</a> or <a href="https://polarbearsinternational.org/" dir="ltr">polar bears</a>. Before they made their choice, we told them what another participant had supposedly decided to do with their money – randomly based on one of the four possibilities.The results were the same as in all our other studies, including ones we conducted involving different brands and shapes of pasta and varieties and taste profiles of wine. People matched the ordinal attribute – in this case the amount – but paid little heed to the nominal attribute – the chosen charity – which remained a personal preference. These kinds of social cues regarding others’ choices are everywhere, from face-to-face interactions with friends to online tweets or Instagram posts, making it difficult to escape the influence of what others do on our own consumption choices.And if we believe we’re making our companions feel more comfortable while still choosing something we like, what’s the harm in that?

New research on consumer behavior shows that we tend to match some types of choices the people around us make, but not others.

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Brent McFerran receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

Kelly L. Haws and Peggy Liu do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

<a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/vanderbilt-university-1293">Vanderbilt University </a>provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation US.

<a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/simon-fraser-university-1282">Simon Fraser University </a>provides funding as a member of The Conversation CA.

<a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/simon-fraser-university-1282">Simon Fraser University </a>provides funding as a member of The Conversation CA-FR.

<a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-pittsburgh-854">University of Pittsburgh </a>provides funding as a member of The Conversation US.

Imagine you’re dining out at a casual restaurant with some friends. After looking over the menu, you decide to order the steak. But then, after a dinner companion orders a salad for their main course, you declare: “I’ll have the salad too.”

This kind of situation – making choices that you probably otherwise wouldn’t make <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucv012">were you alone </a>– probably happens more often than you think in a wide variety of settings, from eating out to shopping and even donating to charity. And it’s not just a matter of you suddenly realizing the salad sounds more appetizing.

<a href="https://explorable.com/chameleon-effect">Prior research has shown </a>people have a tendency to mimic the choices and behaviors of others. But other work suggests people also want to do the exact opposite to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/317585">signal their uniqueness </a>in a group by making a different choice from others.

As scholars who examine consumer behavior, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0022243719853221">we wanted </a>to resolve this discrepancy: What makes people more likely to copy others’ behavior, and what leads them to do their own thing?

We developed a theory that how and why people match or mimic others’ choices depends a lot on the attributes of the thing being selected.

Choices have what we call “ordinal” attributes that can be ranked objectively – such as size or price – as well as “nominal” attributes that are not as easily ranked – such as flavor or shape. We hypothesized that ordinal attributes have more social influence, alerting others to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.08.007">what may be seen as “appropriate” </a>in a given context.

Nominal attributes, on the other hand, would seem to be understood as a reflection of one’s personal preferences.

So we performed 11 studies to test our theory.

In one study conducted with 190 undergraduate students, we told participants that they were on their way to an ice cream parlor with a friend to get a cone. We then told our would-be ice cream consumers that their companion was getting either one scoop of vanilla, one scoop of chocolate, two scoops of vanilla or two scoops of chocolate. We then asked participants what they wanted to order.

We found that people were much more likely to order the same size as their companion but not the same flavor.

The participants seemed to interpret the number of scoops the companion ordered as an indication of what’s appropriate. For example, ordering two scoops might signal “permission” to indulge or seem the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.11.0261">more financially savvy </a>– if less healthy – choice, since it usually costs only marginally more than one. Or a single scoop might suggest “let’s enjoy some ice cream – but not too much.”

The choice of chocolate or vanilla, on the other hand, is readily understood as a personal preference and thus signals nothing about which is better or more appropriate. I like vanilla, you like chocolate – everyone’s happy.

We also asked participants to rate how important avoiding social discomfort was in their decision. Those who ordered the same number of scoops as their companion rated it as more important than those who picked a different amount.

In the other studies, we replicated our results using different products, in various settings and with a variety of ordinal and nominal attributes.

For example, in another experiment, we gave participants US$1 to buy one of four granola bars from a mock store we set up inside the University of Pittsburgh’s Katz/CBA Business Research Center. As the ordinal attribute, we used <a href="https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.65.1.71.18132">brand prestige </a>: They could pick either a more expensive well-known national brand or a cheaper one sold by a grocery store under its own label. Our nominal attribute was chocolate or peanut butter.

Before making the choice, a “store employee” stationed behind the checkout register told participants she or he had tested out a granola bar, randomly specifying one of the four – without saying anything about how it tasted. We rotated which granola bar the employee mentioned every hour during the five-day experiment.

Similar to the ice cream study, participants tended to choose the brand that the employee said he or she had chosen – whether it was the cheaper or pricier one – but ignored the suggested flavor.

Moving away from food, we also examined influences on charitable donations. In this study, we recruited online participants who were paid for their time. In addition, we gave each participant 50 cents to either keep or donate to charity.

If they chose to donate the money, they could give all of it or half to a charity focused on saving either <a href="https://www.savetheelephants.org/">elephants </a>or <a href="https://polarbearsinternational.org/">polar bears </a>. Before they made their choice, we told them what another participant had supposedly decided to do with their money – randomly based on one of the four possibilities.

The results were the same as in all our other studies, including ones we conducted involving different brands and shapes of pasta and varieties and taste profiles of wine. People matched the ordinal attribute – in this case the amount – but paid little heed to the nominal attribute – the chosen charity – which remained a personal preference.

These kinds of social cues regarding others’ choices are everywhere, from face-to-face interactions with friends to online tweets or Instagram posts, making it difficult to escape the influence of what others do on our own consumption choices.

And if we believe we’re making our companions feel more comfortable while still choosing something we like, what’s the harm in that?

'I'll have what she's having' – how and why we copy the choices of others

How We Copy The Choices Of Others

Choices And Social Signals

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