<p>There are three ways as to how the moon can affect life on earth: </p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Time</strong></li>
<li><strong>Tide</strong></li>
<li><strong>Light</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>The moon has been embedded in many life cycles of many organisms. It has been there ever since the evolution has been taking place, even far longer than that.</p>

The Influence of the Moon

<ul>
<li><strong>Sand Hoppers</strong>: These are crustaceans that have two compasses (sun compass in their brain, moon compass in their antennae) that help them stay buried during the day and forage at night.</li>
<li><strong>Corals</strong>: The lunar timing helps corals in the Great Barrier Reef spawn, so significantly that the changes can be seen in space.</li>
<li><strong>Barau's Petrel</strong>: These are endangered seabirds that use the moon and the length of the day to synchronize migrations.</li>
</ul>

The Moon and its effect on creatures

<p><strong>The tidal range is one of the most significant and observable effects the Moon has on Earth</strong>. </p>
<p>It has been shown in studies that the animals who habitat in coasts and seashores such as limpets, were found to be stronger than any man-made material ever made due to their remarkable adaptability to survive in ever-changing conditions.</p>

The Moon and the tides

<p>There are organisms that have adapted to the fluctuating light levels that are being reflected by the Moon in which some rely on the moonlight to be able to navigate and procreate.</p>
<p>A great example for this is the <em>Ephedra foeminea</em> which is a plant that requires moonlight to produce sparkling droplets for it to be pollinated.  Another is the dung beetles in which relies on the moonlight for navigation for safe travel.</p>

Nocturnal adaptations

<figure><picture>
							<source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/moonlight-on-sea-full-width.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/moonlight-on-sea-full-width.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg">
							<source media="(min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 768px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/moonlight-on-sea-full-width.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/moonlight-on-sea-full-width.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg">
							<source media="(min-width: 769px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/moonlight-on-sea-full-width.jpg.thumb.1160.1160.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/moonlight-on-sea-full-width.jpg.thumb.1160.1160.jpg">
							<img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/moonlight-on-sea-full-width.jpg.thumb.1160.1160.jpg" alt="Moonlight shining on the sea">
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<p dir="ltr">The Moon may be a distant object in the sky, but its influence is still felt here on Earth © Tom Mrazek via <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/tommrazek/19059453883" dir="ltr">Flickr</a> (licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/" dir="ltr">CC BY 2.0</a>)</p>











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							</div>
						</figcaption></figure><div>By Kerry Lotzof</div><img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/etc/designs/nhmwww/img/png-icons/facebook_icon.png" alt="Share on Facebook" width="30" height="30"><img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/etc/designs/nhmwww/img/png-icons/twitter_icon.png" alt="Share on Twitter" width="30" height="30"><img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/etc/designs/nhmwww/img/png-icons/whatsapp_icon.png" alt="Share by WhatsApp" width="30" height="30"><img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/etc/designs/nhmwww/img/png-icons/email_icon.png" alt="Share by email" width="30" height="30"><p>From weeping trees to teeth stronger than Kevlar, senior curator Dr Tom White sheds some light on a few of the fascinating, unnoticed ways the Moon shapes the course of life on Earth.</p><p>'The Moon has been up there as long as evolution has been taking place, and lunar rhythms are embedded in the life cycles of many organisms,' Tom says.</p><p>'The challenge is working out when the Moon truly is a factor and what is merely myth and legend.'</p><h2>The Moon affects life on Earth in three main ways</h2><p>According to Tom, there are three main ways in which the Moon impacts on life: time, tides and light. &nbsp;</p><p>'For many animals, particularly birds, the Moon is essential to migration and navigation. Other will time their reproduction to coincide with the specific phases of the lunar cycle.'</p><p>There is also a whole world of fascinating adaptations relating to tides and the unique properties of moonlight.</p><h2>On the lunar clock</h2><p>It's possible you've heard of circadian rhythms. They refer to day and night cycles driven by Earth orbiting the Sun. Human circadian rhythms are easily thrown off by jet lag or a change of the clocks.</p><p>But there are also circalunar rhythms, which are tied to lunar cycles.</p><p>'Circalunar rhythms are very difficult to discern, but they have effects on different types of organisms,' says Tom. 'Some animals will respond to both a circadian rhythm and a lunar clock.'</p><h2>Crustaceans with two compasses</h2><p dir="ltr">Always on the move, sand hoppers (<i dir="ltr">Talitrus saltator</i>) work very hard to keep themselves in their ideal waterfront real estate. A small misjudgement would see them dried out on the beach, eaten by predators or swept out to sea.&nbsp;</p><figure><picture>
						<source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/sandhoppers-two-column.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/sandhoppers-two-column.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg">
						<source media="(min-width: 481px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/sandhoppers-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/sandhoppers-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg">
						<img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/sandhoppers-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg" alt="A group of sand hoppers">
					</picture><figcaption dir="ltr">
				<div class="image--caption-container" data-caption-truncation="" dir="ltr">
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						<p dir="ltr">Sand hoppers on the beach in East Lothian, Scotland © S Rae via&nbsp;<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=sandhopper&amp;title=Special%3ASearch&amp;go=Go&amp;ns0=1&amp;ns6=1&amp;ns12=1&amp;ns14=1&amp;ns100=1&amp;ns106=1#/media/File:Sandhoppers_-_Flickr_-_S._Rae_(1).jpg" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Commons</a> (licenced under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0" dir="ltr">CC BY 2.0</a>)</p>



					</div>
				</div>
			</figcaption></figure><p>To keep them commuting in the right direction, sand hoppers carry two compasses to help them with orientation and navigation on the beach.</p><p>Tom explains, 'They have a sun compass in their brain and a Moon compass in their antennae, so they know to stay buried during the day and can forage efficiently during the night at low tide.'</p><h2>The Great Barrier Reef</h2><p dir="ltr">The <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/coral-spawning.html" dir="ltr">mass spawning of corals</a> on the Great Barrier Reef is also triggered by the Moon. It's brilliant to witness: during spawning, billions of coral polyps release their egg and sperm into the sea.</p><figure><picture>
						<source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/brain-coral-spawning-two-column.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/brain-coral-spawning-two-column.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg">
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						<img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/brain-coral-spawning-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg" alt="Brain coral and released eggs">
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				<div class="image--caption-container" data-caption-truncation="" dir="ltr">
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						<p dir="ltr">Brain coral spawning. Image courtesy of NOAA/Emma Hickerson, via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_coral_spawning.jpg" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</p>

					</div>
				</div>
			</figcaption></figure><p>'The corals time their spawning according to several factors, including temperature, salinity and availability of food,' says Tom, 'but it always occurs between October and December and right after a full Moon.'</p><p>The visual effect of this coordinated lunar timing is so dramatic that it can be seen from space.</p><h2>Well-timed reunions</h2><p dir="ltr">Barau's petrel (<i dir="ltr">Pterodroma baraui</i>) is an endangered seabird that breeds on the island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean.</p><p>The petrels time their pre- and post-breeding migrations by length of the day, waiting until it reaches 12.5 hours before setting off.</p><figure><picture>
						<source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/pterodroma-baraui-two-column.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/pterodroma-baraui-two-column.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg">
						<source media="(min-width: 481px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/pterodroma-baraui-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/pterodroma-baraui-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg">
						<img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/pterodroma-baraui-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg" alt="Barau's petrel with wings spread wide">
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						<p dir="ltr">Barau's petrel in flight © Maans Booysen,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/Birding.WETO/" dir="ltr">Birding Weto</a> via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pterodroma_baraui,_Durban,_Birding_Weto,_a.jpg" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Commons</a> ( licenced under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en" dir="ltr">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>)</p>

					</div>
				</div>
			</figcaption></figure><p>Their arrival dates at the breeding grounds vary each year, but the birds always arrive together at the full Moon. This suggests they use both the Moon and the length of the day to synchronise their migrations.</p><h2>Get with the tides</h2><p>Tides are perhaps the most observable effect of the Moon on Earth, and one that most people will recognise. &nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">'We have some of the most extreme tidal ranges right here in the UK,' says Tom. 'The animals that live in costal habitats with high tidal ranges have adapted to some of the most variable and extreme places on Earth.'<br dir="ltr">
</p><p dir="ltr">For instance, the life of a limpet is quite a difficult one. Tom explains:&nbsp;<br dir="ltr">
</p><p>'One minute you're above water exposed to shoreline predators, wind and heat - the next minute you're being buffeted by waves or entirely submerged.'</p><figure><picture>
						<source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/limpets-two-column.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/limpets-two-column.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg">
						<source media="(min-width: 481px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/limpets-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/limpets-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg">
						<img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/limpets-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg" alt="Limpets in a rock pool">
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						<p dir="ltr">Limpets in a rock pool on the Northumberland Coast © Walter Baxter via <a href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5866130" dir="ltr">geograph</a> (licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0" dir="ltr">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>)</p>

					</div>
				</div>
			</figcaption></figure><p>It's taken some remarkable adaptations for limpets to survive in their changeable seashore habitats.</p><p>Protected from the elements by their hard, cap-like shell, these molluscs eke out a living by scraping food from the rock surface with a tongue-like structure covered in hundreds of tiny teeth.</p><p>'Limpet teeth were recently studied and found to be the strongest biological material ever tested, five times stronger than spider silk and stronger even than man-made materials like Kevlar,' he says.</p><h2>Moved by moonlight</h2><p>Fluctuating light levels reflected by the Moon also have a startling impact on life on Earth.</p><p dir="ltr">Not only has low lighting led to a number of interesting <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/superior-senses-in-the-dark.html" dir="ltr">nocturnal adaptations</a>, but some organisms rely directly on moonlight to navigate and procreate.</p><h2>Trees that weep&nbsp;</h2><p>Although there's no scientific evidence to suggest the Moon affects our mood, it can inspire one fascinating Mediterranean plant to weep.</p><p dir="ltr">Also known as the joint pine or Mormon tea,<i dir="ltr"> Ephedra foeminea</i> is a gymnosperm, a group of ancient, flowerless plants that rely on insects for pollination.</p><figure><picture>
						<source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/ephedra-foeminea-two-column.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/ephedra-foeminea-two-column.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg">
						<source media="(min-width: 481px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/ephedra-foeminea-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/ephedra-foeminea-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg">
						<img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/ephedra-foeminea-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg" alt="Ephedra foeminea cones">
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				<div class="image--caption-container" data-caption-truncation="" dir="ltr">
					<div class="image--caption" dir="ltr">
						<p dir="ltr">Close-up of cones from a joint pine (<i dir="ltr">Ephedra foeminea</i>) © Gideon Pisanty via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ephedra_foeminea_1.jpg" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Commons</a> (licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en" dir="ltr">CC BY 3.0</a>)</p>

					</div>
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			</figcaption></figure><p>Without flowers or other lures, the joint pine has developed an unusual technique to get the attention of potential pollinators.</p><p>In bright moonlight, each little cone produces droplets of fluid to help stick its pollen to passing insects. These droplets sparkle under polarising light (moonlight), creating a glittering disco-like display that draws beetles and other nocturnal insects to the plant.</p><h2>Directing dung beetles</h2><p dir="ltr">Under the moonlight in Africa, the dung beetle <i dir="ltr">Scarabaeus zambesianus </i>uses the polarisation pattern of moonlight and the way it scatters through the atmosphere to navigate in a straight line.</p><p dir="ltr">Tom says, 'If you're a dung beetle with a fresh dung pile, the best thing to do is to take your newly rolled dung ball and leave in a straight line, moving as quickly and efficiently as possible to your burrow, because if you hang around you might get eaten by a predator or lose your dung ball to a competitor.'<br dir="ltr">
</p><figure><picture>
						<source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/dung-beetle-two-column.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/dung-beetle-two-column.jpg.thumb.480.480.jpg">
						<source media="(min-width: 481px)" srcset="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/dung-beetle-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg" data-srcset="/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/dung-beetle-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg">
						<img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhmwww/discover/moon-impact-on-life-on-earth/dung-beetle-two-column.jpg.thumb.768.768.jpg" alt="Dung beetle rolling its dung ball">
					</picture><figcaption dir="ltr">
				<div class="image--caption-container" data-caption-truncation="" dir="ltr">
					<div class="image--caption" dir="ltr">
						<p dir="ltr">Dung beetle astride a dung ball © Michael Mayer via <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/michael_mayer/11309891283" dir="ltr">Flickr</a> (licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/" dir="ltr">CC BY 2.0</a>)</p>

					</div>
				</div>
			</figcaption></figure><p>He adds, 'In recent research done in a lab in Sweden, scientists placed dung beetles under non-polarising artificial light and discovered that they travelled in circles.</p><p dir="ltr">'So basically, they rely on polarisation patterns specific to moonlight in order to navigate and orientate themselves and travel safely home.'<br dir="ltr">
</p><p dir="ltr">It's quite a cautionary tale, says Tom.<br dir="ltr">
</p><p dir="ltr">'With growing <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/light-pollution.html" dir="ltr">light pollution</a> around the world, species with nocturnal behaviours dependent on moonlight are having it obscured by other light sources, and they are in trouble.'</p><img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/etc/designs/nhmwww/img/png-icons/facebook_icon.png" alt="Share on Facebook" width="30" height="30"><img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/etc/designs/nhmwww/img/png-icons/twitter_icon.png" alt="Share on Twitter" width="30" height="30"><img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/etc/designs/nhmwww/img/png-icons/whatsapp_icon.png" alt="Share by WhatsApp" width="30" height="30"><img src="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/etc/designs/nhmwww/img/png-icons/email_icon.png" alt="Share by email" width="30" height="30">

Museum scientist Dr Tom White discusses three ways the Moon influences life on Earth: tides, moonlight and circalunar rhythms. Weeping trees, teeth stronger than Kevlar and one of Earth's most spectacular natural events are among the results.

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<p dir="ltr">The Moon may be a distant object in the sky, but its influence is still felt here on Earth © Tom Mrazek via <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/tommrazek/19059453883">Flickr </a>(licensed under <a dir="ltr" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">CC BY 2.0 </a>) </p>

<p>From weeping trees to teeth stronger than Kevlar, senior curator Dr Tom White sheds some light on a few of the fascinating, unnoticed ways the Moon shapes the course of life on Earth. </p>

<p>'The Moon has been up there as long as evolution has been taking place, and lunar rhythms are embedded in the life cycles of many organisms,' Tom says. </p>

<p>'The challenge is working out when the Moon truly is a factor and what is merely myth and legend.' </p>

The Moon affects life on Earth in three main ways

<p>According to Tom, there are three main ways in which the Moon impacts on life: time, tides and light.   </p>

<p>'For many animals, particularly birds, the Moon is essential to migration and navigation. Other will time their reproduction to coincide with the specific phases of the lunar cycle.' </p>

<p>There is also a whole world of fascinating adaptations relating to tides and the unique properties of moonlight. </p>

<p>It's possible you've heard of circadian rhythms. They refer to day and night cycles driven by Earth orbiting the Sun. Human circadian rhythms are easily thrown off by jet lag or a change of the clocks. </p>

<p>But there are also circalunar rhythms, which are tied to lunar cycles. </p>

<p>'Circalunar rhythms are very difficult to discern, but they have effects on different types of organisms,' says Tom. 'Some animals will respond to both a circadian rhythm and a lunar clock.' </p>

<p dir="ltr">Always on the move, sand hoppers (<i dir="ltr">Talitrus saltator </i>) work very hard to keep themselves in their ideal waterfront real estate. A small misjudgement would see them dried out on the beach, eaten by predators or swept out to sea.  </p>

<p dir="ltr">Sand hoppers on the beach in East Lothian, Scotland © S Rae via <a dir="ltr" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=sandhopper&amp;title=Special%3ASearch&amp;go=Go&amp;ns0=1&amp;ns6=1&amp;ns12=1&amp;ns14=1&amp;ns100=1&amp;ns106=1#/media/File:Sandhoppers_-_Flickr_-_S._Rae_(1).jpg">Wikimedia Commons </a>(licenced under <a dir="ltr" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">CC BY 2.0 </a>) </p>

<p>To keep them commuting in the right direction, sand hoppers carry two compasses to help them with orientation and navigation on the beach. </p>

<p>Tom explains, 'They have a sun compass in their brain and a Moon compass in their antennae, so they know to stay buried during the day and can forage efficiently during the night at low tide.' </p>

<p dir="ltr">The <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/coral-spawning.html">mass spawning of corals </a>on the Great Barrier Reef is also triggered by the Moon. It's brilliant to witness: during spawning, billions of coral polyps release their egg and sperm into the sea. </p>

<p dir="ltr">Brain coral spawning. Image courtesy of NOAA/Emma Hickerson, via <a dir="ltr" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_coral_spawning.jpg">Wikimedia Commons </a>. </p>

<p>'The corals time their spawning according to several factors, including temperature, salinity and availability of food,' says Tom, 'but it always occurs between October and December and right after a full Moon.' </p>

<p>The visual effect of this coordinated lunar timing is so dramatic that it can be seen from space. </p>

<p dir="ltr">Barau's petrel (<i dir="ltr">Pterodroma baraui </i>) is an endangered seabird that breeds on the island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. </p>

<p>The petrels time their pre- and post-breeding migrations by length of the day, waiting until it reaches 12.5 hours before setting off. </p>

<p dir="ltr">Barau's petrel in flight © Maans Booysen, <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.facebook.com/Birding.WETO/">Birding Weto </a>via <a dir="ltr" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pterodroma_baraui,_Durban,_Birding_Weto,_a.jpg">Wikimedia Commons </a>( licenced under <a dir="ltr" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0 </a>) </p>

<p>Their arrival dates at the breeding grounds vary each year, but the birds always arrive together at the full Moon. This suggests they use both the Moon and the length of the day to synchronise their migrations. </p>

<p>Tides are perhaps the most observable effect of the Moon on Earth, and one that most people will recognise.   </p>

<p dir="ltr">'We have some of the most extreme tidal ranges right here in the UK,' says Tom. 'The animals that live in costal habitats with high tidal ranges have adapted to some of the most variable and extreme places on Earth.'<br dir="ltr"/> </p>

<p dir="ltr">For instance, the life of a limpet is quite a difficult one. Tom explains: <br dir="ltr"/> </p>

<p>'One minute you're above water exposed to shoreline predators, wind and heat - the next minute you're being buffeted by waves or entirely submerged.' </p>

<p dir="ltr">Limpets in a rock pool on the Northumberland Coast © Walter Baxter via <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5866130">geograph </a>(licensed under <a dir="ltr" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">CC BY-SA 2.0 </a>) </p>

<p>It's taken some remarkable adaptations for limpets to survive in their changeable seashore habitats. </p>

<p>Protected from the elements by their hard, cap-like shell, these molluscs eke out a living by scraping food from the rock surface with a tongue-like structure covered in hundreds of tiny teeth. </p>

<p>'Limpet teeth were recently studied and found to be the strongest biological material ever tested, five times stronger than spider silk and stronger even than man-made materials like Kevlar,' he says. </p>

<p>Fluctuating light levels reflected by the Moon also have a startling impact on life on Earth. </p>

<p dir="ltr">Not only has low lighting led to a number of interesting <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/superior-senses-in-the-dark.html">nocturnal adaptations </a>, but some organisms rely directly on moonlight to navigate and procreate. </p>

<p>Although there's no scientific evidence to suggest the Moon affects our mood, it can inspire one fascinating Mediterranean plant to weep. </p>

<p dir="ltr">Also known as the joint pine or Mormon tea,<i dir="ltr">Ephedra foeminea </i>is a gymnosperm, a group of ancient, flowerless plants that rely on insects for pollination. </p>

<p dir="ltr">Close-up of cones from a joint pine (<i dir="ltr">Ephedra foeminea </i>) © Gideon Pisanty via <a dir="ltr" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ephedra_foeminea_1.jpg">Wikimedia Commons </a>(licensed under <a dir="ltr" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en">CC BY 3.0 </a>) </p>

<p>Without flowers or other lures, the joint pine has developed an unusual technique to get the attention of potential pollinators. </p>

<p>In bright moonlight, each little cone produces droplets of fluid to help stick its pollen to passing insects. These droplets sparkle under polarising light (moonlight), creating a glittering disco-like display that draws beetles and other nocturnal insects to the plant. </p>

<p dir="ltr">Under the moonlight in Africa, the dung beetle <i dir="ltr">Scarabaeus zambesianus </i>uses the polarisation pattern of moonlight and the way it scatters through the atmosphere to navigate in a straight line. </p>

<p dir="ltr">Tom says, 'If you're a dung beetle with a fresh dung pile, the best thing to do is to take your newly rolled dung ball and leave in a straight line, moving as quickly and efficiently as possible to your burrow, because if you hang around you might get eaten by a predator or lose your dung ball to a competitor.'<br dir="ltr"/> </p>

<p dir="ltr">Dung beetle astride a dung ball © Michael Mayer via <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/michael_mayer/11309891283">Flickr </a>(licensed under <a dir="ltr" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">CC BY 2.0 </a>) </p>

<p>He adds, 'In recent research done in a lab in Sweden, scientists placed dung beetles under non-polarising artificial light and discovered that they travelled in circles. </p>

<p dir="ltr">'So basically, they rely on polarisation patterns specific to moonlight in order to navigate and orientate themselves and travel safely home.'<br dir="ltr"/> </p>

<p dir="ltr">It's quite a cautionary tale, says Tom.<br dir="ltr"/> </p>

<p dir="ltr">'With growing <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/light-pollution.html">light pollution </a>around the world, species with nocturnal behaviours dependent on moonlight are having it obscured by other light sources, and they are in trouble.' </p>

How does the Moon affect life on Earth?

The Influence of the Moon

The Moon and its effect on creatures

The Moon and the tides

Nocturnal adaptations

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