The BMI scale cannot be applied to everyone (especially women & POC) because it was developed by studying European men — and thus does not take into account racial & sex differences.

It is also an inaccurate measure of body fat content because it does not take into account muscle mass, bone density & overall body composition.

• Asians may have increased health risks before their BMI qualifies as overweight due to their tendency to hold abdominal fat.
• Athletes tend to have heavier bones & more muscle mass, resulting in higher BMI but may NOT be unhealthy.
• Pregnant/nursing Women typically have higher BMIs due to higher body fat percentage, but may NOT be unhealthy.
• People aged 65+ with a higher BMI tend to have more muscle mass, which has a protective effect in terms of overall functionality.

Research shows that BMI is a reliable estimate of health risks.

Plus, it’s convenient, cost effective, & accessible in all healthcare settings.

1. For a more accurate assessment of health risks. (Factors such as age, gender, race, medical history, exercise, nutrition, stress, etc, should be taken into account.)
2. To prevent weight bias, in which doctors assume that the patient's higher BMI is the cause of their diagnosis, leading to poor quality healthcare.

• Waist-to-hip ratio: measures abdominal fat. It's convenient but does NOT consider different body shapes/muscle & bone mass.
• Body fat percentage: dinguishes between fat mass & fat-free mass and more accurate. However accurate measuring equipment is expensive & inaccessible.
• Lab test: various blood & vital signs measurements to indicate health risks. More accurate but NOT convenient (need multiple tests to be accurate).

While there are alternatives to use in place of the BMI scale, each tool comes with its own advantages and disadvantages.

Thus, healthcare providers should use the available alternatives together with the BMI index to obtain a more accurate reading of their patient's health risks.