A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions that come from the production, use, and end-of-life of a product or service. It includes carbon dioxide — the gas most commonly emitted by humans.Usually, the bulk of an individual’s carbon footprint will come from transportation, housing and food. There are simple choices you can make in your day-to-day life to lessen your personal impact on the environment.

Carbon Footprints

In order to calculate your carbon footprint, you will need to know the following:<ul><li>Approximately how many miles you travel by car, bus, train and plane.</li><li>The energy usage in your home.</li><li>How much you spend shopping. </li><li>The composition of your diet. </li></ul>

Your Carbon Footprint

One of the easiest and most effective ways to begin reducing your carbon footprint is to reconsider how much, and how often, you travel.<ul><li>Drive Less: take the train, catch the bus, ride a bike, or walk where you need to go.</li><li>When You Drive: have your car serviced regularly, check your tires, cut down on air conditioning and city driving, or carpool to work.</li><li>Fly Less: just taking one less round-trip flight could shrink your footprint significantly.</li></ul>

Carbon Footprint: Transportation

<ul><li>Cut down on red meat. It’s better for the environment! The production of red meat uses a lot of feed, water and land. Cows even give off harmful methane emissions!</li><li>A vegan, vegetarian, or pescatarian diet is likely to be best for the environment.</li><li>Eat low down the food chain as often as you can.</li><li>Fill your plate with vegetables, fruits, grains and beans.</li><li>For meat-lovers, swap meats like beef and lamb with chicken or fish. Better yet, make a few meals vegan or vegetarian.</li></ul>

Carbon Footprint: Food & Diet

The average American family wastes around 40% of the food they buy. These simple tips will help save money and help reduce your carbon footprint:<ul><li>Take stock. Organize your fridge regularly. Make grocery lists before you go to the store.</li><li>Be wary of bulk. It may go bad before you can eat it all.</li><li>Plan. Don’t cook more food than you can eat.</li><li>Get creative. Reuse leftovers.</li><li>Freeze. Food lasts longer.</li><li>Doggie bag. Take home half of oversized restaurant servings.</li></ul>

Carbon Footprint: Waste Less

Climate change can be overwhelming. Here's how to think about your effects on the environment and the steps you can take to lessen that impact.  

Natural World

By Livia Albeck-Ripka

Illustrations by Adam Simpson, Animations by Fraser Croall

Climate change can be overwhelming. The science is complex, and when it comes to future impacts, there are still a lot of unknowns. While real solutions will require action on a global scale, there are choices you can make in your day-to-day life to lessen your personal impact on the environment. This guide will walk you through some of them.

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions that come from the production, use and end-of-life of a product or service. It includes carbon dioxide — the gas most commonly emitted by humans — and others, including methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases, which trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global warming. Usually, the bulk of an individual’s carbon footprint will come from transportation, housing and food.

You can start the process by calculating <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.nature.org/greenliving/carboncalculator/?redirect=https-301">your carbon footprint here. </a>You will need to know the following:

<ul><li>Approximately how many miles you travel by car, bus, train and plane. </li><li>The energy usage in your home. </li><li>How much you spend shopping.  </li><li>The composition of your diet.  </li> </ul>

No matter how you scored, here are some things that could help you lessen your personal environmental impact.

One of the most effective ways to begin thinking about how to reduce your carbon footprint is to reconsider how much, and how often, you travel.

In November 2017 carbon dioxide emissions from transportation surpassed emissions from electricity generation as <a dir="ltr" href="http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/transportation-is-the-biggest-source-of-us-emissions?utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=News%20Emissions&amp;utm_content=News%20Emissions+CID_b0f3d2117d9fbe587e1dc8e9e86b353f&amp;utm_source=Climate%20Central%20Email%20Campaign%20Monitor&amp;utm_term=transportation%20emissions">the top source of greenhouse gases. </a> Why? Electricity generation is shifting away from the use of coal to more renewable sources and natural gas.

Going carless for a year could <a dir="ltr" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541/pdf">save about 2.6 tons of carbon dioxide </a>, according to 2017 study from researchers at Lund University and the University of British Columbia — that’s a little more than a roundtrip transatlantic flight. How can you stop using a car? Try taking a train, bus or better yet, ride a bike .

But let’s be realistic. You will likely need to use a car this year. So, when you do, here are some tips to make your trip more climate-friendly:

<ul><li>Go easy on the gas and brakes — driving efficiently can help to reduce emissions. Drive “like you have an egg under your foot,” recommends Brian West, an expert in fuel and engine research from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which researches energy use and solutions in the United States. </li><li>Regularly service your car to keep it more efficient. </li><li>Check your tires. Keeping tires pumped correctly can reduce emissions. “Low tire pressure will hurt your fuel economy,” Mr. West said. </li><li>Air conditioning and intensive city driving can make emissions creep up. Cut down on these as often as possible.  </li><li>Use cruise control on long drives — in most cases, this can help to save gas. </li><li>Don’t weigh your car down with extra things that you don’t need on your trip.   </li><li>Carpool — this way, you’re splitting emissions between the number of people in the car. </li> </ul>

Shopping for a new car is a great opportunity to consider how you can reduce your personal carbon footprint. When choosing between gasoline, hybrid and electric, there are a number of factors to take into account, which will determine how “clean” your purchase is. The following can help:

<ul><li><a dir="ltr" href="http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.shtml">Search for cars here </a>, where they are rated by efficiency.  </li><li>Think about where you will be charging up. <a dir="ltr" href="http://climatefriendlycars.climatecentral.org/">How efficient hybrid and electric cars are </a>also depends on what state you live in — different states rely on fossil fuels to different degrees. </li><li>Weigh up both production and use emissions using <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/28/science/smartphone-app-car-emissions.html">this app. </a>(Making electric cars has a carbon footprint, too.) </li><li>Look for the <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/find-smartway-vehicle">Smart Way </a>certification. </li><li>Remember: Cars with lower emissions can often end up <a dir="ltr" href="http://news.mit.edu/2016/study-finds-low-emissions-vehicles-less-expensive-overall-0927">costing less </a>to operate. </li> </ul>

Fly often? Taking one fewer long round-trip flight could <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/27/climate/airplane-pollution-global-warming.html">shrink your personal carbon footprint significantly </a>. Think about it this way: If you use public transportation often, and fly home to visit family just occasionally, your carbon footprint might still be relatively sustainable, but if you drive and fly a lot, your emissions will be higher.

If you can’t avoid flying, one way of making up for the emissions caused is to offset them by donating money to sustainable projects, such as supplying efficient stoves to rural homes, or projects which help farmers in India sell crop waste as biomass. Sometimes airlines will give you this option themselves, or you can use a third-party like <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.atmosfair.de/en/web/guest/kompensieren/flug">Atmosfair </a>or <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.terrapass.com/">Terrapass </a>. (You can <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CarbonOffset/Pages/default.aspx">calculate the emissions per flight here </a>.)

While food systems are complicated, and research is still evolving on what the most environmentally-friendly diet is, experts mostly agree that <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/climate/cows-global-warming.html">cutting down on meat </a>, and red meat in particular, is a better choice for the environment. This is because the production of red meat uses a lot of feed, water and land. Cows themselves also give off methane emissions (a harmful greenhouse gas).

For that reason, eating a vegan diet is likely to be best for the environment, say experts. According to a study published in 2017 in the journal Environmental Research Letters, red meat can have up to <a dir="ltr" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6cd5/meta">100 times </a>the environmental impact of plant based food. (According to some estimates, beef <a dir="ltr" href="http://css.umich.edu/factsheets/carbon-footprint-factsheet">gives off more than six pounds of carbon dioxide per serving; </a>the amount created per serving by rice, legumes carrots, apples or potatoes is less than half a pound.)

Eating a vegetarian or pescetarian diet are also likely to be better for the environment than a diet which includes a lot of meat. Each of these, however, depend on exactly what you are eating, and how much of it. If you replace that meat with dairy, for example, <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5094759/">your emissions could rise again </a>. “Deep net fishing can emit as much as beef,” said Marco Springmann, a senior researcher on environmental sustainability and public health at the University of Oxford. Following national health guidelines, with further reductions in meat, fish and dairy (this is similar to a Mediterranean diet ) is a good option too, Dr. Springmann said. These diets can also have <a dir="ltr" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/26/health/mediterranean-diet-can-cut-heart-disease-study-finds.html">health benefits </a>.

Overall,eating low down the food chain as often as you can is a probably a good way to reduce your carbon footprint and <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5094759/table/pone.0165797.t002/">stay healthy </a>, say experts. That means filling your plate with vegetables, fruits, grains and beans. For meat-lovers, even swapping carbon-intensive meats like beef and lamb with chicken can make a difference. Better still, swap <a dir="ltr" href="https://cooking.nytimes.com/tag/vegan">a few meals per-week </a>to vegan or vegetarian. This <a dir="ltr" href="http://www.wri.org/resources/data-visualizations/protein-scorecard">protein card </a>can help you make climate (and wallet) friendly choices at the grocery store.

When it comes to food, most greenhouse gas emissions happen <a dir="ltr" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es702969f">during production, rather than transportation </a>:What you eat is more important than where it comes from. But eating local can still make a difference.

Fewer food-miles can mean fewer emissions. The complicating factor in eating locally happens when you start to consider how the food got to you, not just from how far away it came. “This 'eat local' argument, I would take it with a pinch of salt,” Dr. Springmann said. Tomatoes brought a short distance to a farmers market by truck, or shipped further to the grocery store by a train, could release similar emissions. (The transportation you take to get your tomatoes, and bring them home, also matters.)

What about local meat versus imported vegetables? Eating only locally grown food for one year would save the greenhouse gas equivalent of driving 1,000 miles, but eating just one vegetarian meal a week for a year saves <a dir="ltr" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es702969f">160 miles more than that </a>, according to one study from researchers at Carnegie Mellon.

How about organic? You might choose organic if you prefer to eat produce grown with fewer chemical pesticides, but when it comes to reducing your carbon footprint, you’re better off shifting to low-impact, plant-based foods, according to a <a dir="ltr" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6cd5/meta">recent study </a>published in the journal Environmental Research Letters. The study found that organic systems use less energy than conventional ones, but they often require more land and, therefore, emit similar greenhouse gas emissions.

This is <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/12/climate/food-waste-emissions.html?_r=0">a big one </a>: on average, Americans waste around 40 percent of the food they buy.

Luckily, there are simple solutions to lower your food waste (and these tips will save you money, too.):

<ul><li>Take stock. Organize your fridge regularly to check on what you already have, and make grocery shopping lists before you go to the store to prevent buying things you don’t need. </li><li>Be wary of bulk. Low-priced food might seem like a good deal, but it’s not if you don’t end up eating it before it goes bad. </li><li>Plan. Don’t cook more food than you can eat. Account for the right amount of food for the <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.savethefood.com/guestimator/calculator">number of people </a>eating, and adapt recipes to your needs. </li><li>Get creative. Reuse <a dir="ltr" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/11/dining/inventive-cooking-beginning-with-your-leftovers.html">leftovers </a>instead of tossing them. </li><li>Freeze. Extend the life of your food, including additional portions, as well as produce like fresh herbs, by freezing them properly.   </li><li>Doggie bag. Take home half of oversized restaurant servings.  </li> </ul>

What to Eat On. Skip the disposable dishes and wash your dinnerware instead. Washing dishes, whether it is by hand or in a dishwasher, is likely to be <a dir="ltr" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-013-0697-7">more environmentally friendly </a>than using disposable ones (assuming your dishwasher is energy efficient). If you do need to use disposable plates, bowls and cutlery, there areclimate-friendly options (look for compostable or biodegradable options). If you order takeout, wash and reuse the plastic containers that food often comes in.

In the average American home, 25 percent of energy is used to heat spaces, 13 percent is used to heat water, 11 percent is used for cooling and the remainder is spent on appliances, according to estimates from the Natural Resources Defense Council. Making even small changes to these can make a big difference, said Noah Horowitz, a senior scientist and director of the N.R.D.C.’s Center for Energy Efficiency. “There’s a lot you can do without having to pick up a hammer or write a check,” he said. (This calculator can <a dir="ltr" href="https://energy.gov/energysaver/estimating-appliance-and-home-electronic-energy-use">help you work out </a>your energy usage before and after you make these changes.)

<ul><li>Turn down the heat. Use a programmable or smart thermostat, if you have one. Keep blinds closed to help keep temperature stable inside. </li><li>Turn down your water heater — 120 degrees Fahrenheit is sufficient. </li><li>Turn off lights and appliances when you’re not using them. Turn off appliances at the power outlet to reduce even more energy. Putting them to sleep is second best. </li><li>Stream movies through your smart TV, not your game console. Smart TVs and their plugins use just a few watts to stream movies, Mr. Horowitz said, but if you use your game console, energy use is about 10 times higher, because they aren’t optimized to play films. </li><li>Buy a laptop, not a desktop computer . Laptops take less energy to charge and run.  </li><li>Replace lights. LED lights use up to 85 percent less energy, last up to 25 times longer and are cheaper to run <a dir="ltr" href="https://energy.gov/energysaver/how-energy-efficient-light-bulbs-compare-traditional-incandescents">than incandescent lights </a>. About two billion sockets in the United States still have an energy-wasting bulb in them, said Mr. Horowitz. “This is a massive opportunity that we could change almost overnight,” he said.  </li><li>Don't set your fridge and freezer temperatures lower than necessary. The United States Department of Energy recommends around 35 to 38 degrees Fahrenheit for the fresh food compartment and 0 degrees for freezers. (And unplug that old fridge in the garage when you don't need it to chill anything.) </li><li>Choose renewables. If you live in a state where you can choose your energy supplier, pick one that runs on renewables. </li><li>Replace old fridges. They are “energy hogs” according to Mr. Horowitz, and can cost you up to $100 extra per year to run. “If it’s 15 to 20 years old,” he said, “it’s a no brainer to recycle it.” </li><li>Look for an <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.energystar.gov/products?s=mega">Energy Star </a>symbol when buying new products. This certification means a product has met energy efficiency standards for the United States. </li> </ul>

Americans generate about roughly <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/advncng_smm_infogrphc-2014-sm.pdf">258 million tons of trash a year </a>, 169 million tons of which ends up in landfills and incinerators, according to a 2014 report from the E.P.A. That year, American’s recycled and composted 89 million tons of municipal solid waste — this saved the same amount of energy as generated by 25 million homes. But much of the waste that can be recycled still ends up in landfills.

Here are some tips to make sure your waste ends up in the right place:

<ul><li>Look for a number inside a triangle on the bottom of plastic containers. These indicate what kind of resin was used, and whether the container is recyclable in your state (check your city or state’s website for accepted numbers). </li><li>Empty and rinse food containers before putting them in the recycling bin. A dirty container can spoil a whole batch of recyclables.  </li><li>Recycle paper.  </li><li>Recycle paper and steel and tin cans.   </li><li>Before throwing away, ask: Can I re-use or repair this?   </li><li>Donate working electronics.  </li><li>Recycle broken electronics. Many local electronics stores offer free recycling programs for old goods. </li><li>Collect dry cell batteries. You should be able to recycle them through your local municipality.  </li><li>Contact your local car dealer or municipality to recycle car batteries.  </li><li>Don’t put non-recyclables in the recycling bin. Garden hoses, sewing needles, propane tanks or cylinders, aerosol cans that aren’t empty, hazardous waste and syringes, broken glass and broken light bulbs should all be avoided.  </li> </ul>

Small changes to the insulation and design of your home — from do-it-yourself hacks to building changes — can help you reduce your carbon footprint at home. Before starting, you can also <a dir="ltr" href="http://hes.lbl.gov/consumer">do an energy audit, </a>or have a professional come in to rate and score your home’s energy efficiency.

<ul><li>Seal your home well. <a dir="ltr" href="https://energy.gov/public-services/homes/home-weatherization/sealing-your-home">Trouble spots </a>can include the attic, windows and doors, where heat and cool can escape.   </li><li>Insulate your home. This helps keep the temperature stable. There are a range of materials you can use. This guide can help you to <a dir="ltr" href="http://www.greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/buyers-guide-to-green-insulation">choose the right one </a>. A professional energy auditor can help you work out if it’s time to re-insulate. Some insulation does degrade – for example, prior to the 1940s, sawdust and newspaper were used for insulation. You should remove insulation too if it has damage from pests, if it smells, or if it’s wet or moldy. </li><li>Install a cool roof. This is made of a reflective material which redirects light away from your house, keeping it cool.  </li><li>Plant shrubs and trees around your home. This is an easy, and pretty, insulation fix, especially for older homes.  </li><li>Check the <a dir="ltr" href="http://www.nfrc.org/energy-performance-label/">energy-efficiency rating </a>for your windows, doors and skylights. Consider replacing those that don’t meet modern standards.  </li><li>Look into <a dir="ltr" href="https://energy.gov/energysaver/incentives-and-financing-energy-efficient-homes">incentives </a>. These may include tax credits and rebates.  </li> </ul>

Bite‑sized knowledge
to upgrade
your career

How to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint - A Year of Living Better Guides

Carbon Footprints

Your Carbon Footprint

Carbon Footprint: Transportation

Carbon Footprint: Food & Diet

Carbon Footprint: Waste Less

Climate change: Four things you can do about your carbon footprint

Your CSR Strategy Needs to Be Goal Driven, Achievable, and Authentic

Healthy diet means a healthy planet, study shows

Bite‑sized knowledgeto upgradeyour career

How to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint - A Year of Living Better Guides

Carbon Footprints

Your Carbon Footprint

Carbon Footprint: Transportation

Carbon Footprint: Food & Diet

Carbon Footprint: Waste Less

Climate change: Four things you can do about your carbon footprint

Your CSR Strategy Needs to Be Goal Driven, Achievable, and Authentic

Healthy diet means a healthy planet, study shows

Bite‑sized knowledge
to upgrade
your career