<ul><li>Quantum computers are machines that use the properties of quantum physics to store data and perform computations.</li><li>Classical computers, which include smartphones and laptops, encode information in binary “bits” that can either be 0s or 1s. In a quantum computer, the basic unit of memory is a quantum bit or qubit. Qubits are made using physical systems, such as the spin of an electron or the orientation of a photon.</li><li>These systems can be in many different arrangements all at once, a property known as quantum superposition. Qubits can also be inextricably linked together using a phenomenon called quantum entanglement. The result is that a series of qubits can represent different things simultaneously.</li></ul>

Quantum computers

<ul><li>In situations where there are a large number of possible combinations, quantum computers can consider them simultaneously. Examples include trying to find the prime factors of a very large number or the best route between two places.</li><li>However, there may also be plenty of situations where classical computers will still outperform quantum ones. So the computers of the future may be a combination of both these types.</li><li>For now, quantum computers are highly sensitive: heat, electromagnetic fields, and collisions with air molecules can cause a qubit to lose its quantum properties. This process, known as quantum decoherence, causes the system to crash, and it happens more quickly the more particles that are involved.</li></ul>

Quantum computers vs classical computers

<div>The technology harnesses quantum physics to perform calculations faster than ever</div><img alt="What is a quantum computer?" width="1200" height="800" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/28154316/quantum-computer_gettyimages-1182902380.jpg?width=1200" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/28154316/quantum-computer_gettyimages-1182902380.jpg?width=100 100w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/28154316/quantum-computer_gettyimages-1182902380.jpg?width=200 200w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/28154316/quantum-computer_gettyimages-1182902380.jpg?width=249 249w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/28154316/quantum-computer_gettyimages-1182902380.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/28154316/quantum-computer_gettyimages-1182902380.jpg?width=400 400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/28154316/quantum-computer_gettyimages-1182902380.jpg?width=500 500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/28154316/quantum-computer_gettyimages-1182902380.jpg?width=600 600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/28154316/quantum-computer_gettyimages-1182902380.jpg?width=700 700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/28154316/quantum-computer_gettyimages-1182902380.jpg?width=800 800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/28154316/quantum-computer_gettyimages-1182902380.jpg?width=778 778w">The IBM Q System One quantum computer at IBM's research facility in New YorkMisha Friedman/Getty ImagesQuantum computers are machines that use the properties of <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/definition/quantum-physics/" dir="ltr">quantum physics</a> to store data and perform computations. This can be extremely advantageous for certain tasks where they could vastly outperform even our best supercomputers.Classical computers, which include smartphones and laptops, encode information in binary “bits” that can either be 0s or 1s. In a <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23631500-600-the-problem-with-the-ultimate-problemsolving-machine/" dir="ltr">quantum computer</a>, the basic unit of memory is a quantum bit or qubit.Qubits are made using physical systems, such as the spin of an electron or the orientation of a photon. These systems can be in many different arrangements all at once, a property known as quantum <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/definition/schrodingers-cat/" dir="ltr">superposition</a>. Qubits can also be inextricably linked&nbsp; together using a phenomenon called <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24332470-500-what-is-space-time-the-true-origins-of-the-fabric-of-reality/" dir="ltr">quantum entanglement</a>. The result is that a series of qubits can represent different things simultaneously.For instance, eight bits is enough for a classical computer to represent any number between 0 and 255. But eight qubits is enough for a quantum computer to represent every number between 0 and 255 at the same time. A few hundred entangled qubits would be enough to represent more numbers than there are atoms in the universe.<h5>Advertisement</h5>This is where quantum computers get their edge over classical ones. In situations where there are a large number of possible combinations, quantum computers can consider them simultaneously. Examples include trying to find the prime factors of a very large number or the best route between two places.However, there may also be plenty of situations where classical computers will still outperform quantum ones. So the computers of the future may be a combination of both these types.For now, quantum computers are highly sensitive: heat, electromagnetic fields and collisions with air molecules can cause a qubit to lose its quantum properties. This process, known as quantum decoherence, causes the system to crash, and it happens more quickly the more particles that are involved.Quantum computers need to protect qubits from external interference, either by physically isolating them, <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2130210-nanofridge-could-keep-quantum-computers-cool-enough-to-calculate/" dir="ltr">keeping them cool</a> or zapping them with carefully controlled pulses of energy. Additional qubits are needed to correct for errors that creep into the system.

Quantum computers are machines that use the properties of quantum physics to store data and perform computations.

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

The IBM Q System One quantum computer at IBM's research facility in New York

Quantum computers are machines that use the properties of <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.newscientist.com/definition/quantum-physics/">quantum physics </a>to store data and perform computations. This can be extremely advantageous for certain tasks where they could vastly outperform even our best supercomputers.

Classical computers, which include smartphones and laptops, encode information in binary “bits” that can either be 0s or 1s. In a <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23631500-600-the-problem-with-the-ultimate-problemsolving-machine/">quantum computer </a>, the basic unit of memory is a quantum bit or qubit.

Qubits are made using physical systems, such as the spin of an electron or the orientation of a photon. These systems can be in many different arrangements all at once, a property known as quantum <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.newscientist.com/definition/schrodingers-cat/">superposition </a>. Qubits can also be inextricably linked  together using a phenomenon called <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24332470-500-what-is-space-time-the-true-origins-of-the-fabric-of-reality/">quantum entanglement </a>. The result is that a series of qubits can represent different things simultaneously.

For instance, eight bits is enough for a classical computer to represent any number between 0 and 255. But eight qubits is enough for a quantum computer to represent every number between 0 and 255 at the same time. A few hundred entangled qubits would be enough to represent more numbers than there are atoms in the universe.

This is where quantum computers get their edge over classical ones. In situations where there are a large number of possible combinations, quantum computers can consider them simultaneously. Examples include trying to find the prime factors of a very large number or the best route between two places.

However, there may also be plenty of situations where classical computers will still outperform quantum ones. So the computers of the future may be a combination of both these types.

For now, quantum computers are highly sensitive: heat, electromagnetic fields and collisions with air molecules can cause a qubit to lose its quantum properties. This process, known as quantum decoherence, causes the system to crash, and it happens more quickly the more particles that are involved.

Quantum computers need to protect qubits from external interference, either by physically isolating them, <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2130210-nanofridge-could-keep-quantum-computers-cool-enough-to-calculate/">keeping them cool </a>or zapping them with carefully controlled pulses of energy. Additional qubits are needed to correct for errors that creep into the system.

What is a quantum computer?

Quantum computers

Quantum computers vs classical computers

CURATED BY

Related collections

More like this