The financial incentive for miners comes from the native token built on top of the Bitcoin Blockchain — Bitcoin. Miners who use their computing power to validate transactions are rewarded with a certain amount of coin. The main takeaway here is that every token is based on some underlying Blockch...

Many of us in the Crypto world were under the impression that developers would immediately hop on the bandwagon and use Bitcoin’s Scripting language. But fast forward eight years (Bitcoin was released in 2009), and Bitcoin has yet to become more than a store of value and a speculative investment....

A Scripting language is a programming language where you can write code to perform some actions. The Javascript on top reads pretty much like English. Bitcoin’s Scripting language, on the other hand, looks like machine code. Developers are used to writing in expressive languages like Javascript,

A token sale allows developers to easily release Tradable tokens to raise funds for building a protocol and/or application. 

Early Adopters who believe in the protocol or application have an incentive to buy the token because there is potential for that token to be worth more in the future....

Bitcoin is a decentralized Digital currency that uses a Peer-To-Peer technology. There isn’t a central authority issuing new money or tracking transactions. These operations are managed collectively by the network.

A protocol is the special set of rules that nodes in a network use when they transmit information. It guarantees that the data packets will be delivered and that they will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent. Another example of a protocol is Internet protocol (IP), which specifies...

For a typical Bitcoin transfer, the script will define what the spender must provide:

• a public key that, when hashed, matches the destination address included in the script
• a signature to show evidence of the private key corresponding to the public key just provided

The 10X rule is important to think about when considering how to get users to substitute existing solutions with the new decentralized ones. As of now, it’s unclear what dimension these 10X advantages come from, so far as users go. I foresee a future where applications are 10X more secure, 10X cheap...

Externally owned accounts and contracts accounts have an ether balance. Contract accounts have some piece of code associated with them, while externally owned accounts do not. 

Essentially, a message is like a transaction, except it’s produced by a contract account rather than an external a...

So essentially, there’s two types of protocols:

• Ones which have a intrinsic token associated with it that help create economic incentives that drive a network
• Ones which don’t have a token that drives financial incentives and are simply used as a communication protocol betwee...

What’s more, these non-intrinsic tokens can exist as: 

• Standalone tokens built on Ethereum 
• Be associated with any new underlying crypto-token-protocol built on Ethereum 
• Be associated with any new underlying crypto-protocol built on Ethereum 

Besides these issues, there are still lots of unanswered questions that need to be figured out before token sales become a viable form of funding: 

• What is the right design and structure for a token sale? 
• In what cases does it make sense to structure tokens as investment secur...

Ipos are regulated by the SEC and have a set of legal requirements. Icos are currently unregulated and more of a "wild West" practice. Some argue that they have turned into a "perverse and unsustainable Keynesian beauty contest. Supporters are optimistic and claim that it’s a new form of venture cap...

A network effect is when a product or service increases in value as more people use it. For every new friend that joins, the value of the product goes up because you can now pay and/or receive payment from this friend. Building up this network is one of the hardest parts of building a successful pro...

• Ethereum is a Cryptocurrency launched in 2015 and built from the ground up using its own Blockchain technology. 
• It was designed to be a more generalized protocol than Bitcoin’s Blockchain. 
• The goal of Ethereum is to create an alternative protocol for building decentralized ...