Three main types....
1) Alpha particles
which include two protons and two neutrons
2) beta particles
which are essentially electrons
3) gamma rays and x - rays
which are pure energy (photons).
2
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They went looking for collisions between photons and nuclei, called photonuclear collisions, in data collected during the lead-ion runs at the LHC. These runs have happened in the few weeks just before the LHC’s winter shutdown each year that the LHC has been in operation.
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Specifie the orientation in space of an orbital of a given energy (n) and shape (l). This number divides the subshell into individual orbitals which hold the electrons; there are 2l+1 orbitals in each subshell.
Every orbital capacity is 2 electrons
Magnetic ...
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