<ol><li>Phalen's Test </li><li>Reverse Phalen's Test </li><li>Carpal Compression Test </li><li>NCV, EMG </li><li>Blood Test ( to rule out other affections</li></ol>

Tests For Diagnosis? 

<ol><li>Repeated activity of wrist, first 3 fingers (e.g- desk job/laptop usage where we rest our wrist on the edge of the table for years)</li><li>Inflammation at joint (RA, OA wrist)</li><li>Post trauma (Colle's fracture)</li><li>Hormones (Acromegaly)</li><li>Space Occupying Lesions at wrist (Tumor, Ganglion)</li><li>Unknown </li></ol>

What Are The Causes?

It is important to understand that Surgical method is the last resort. It can be managed by just Physiotherapy! <ol><li>Physiotherapy - exercises, stretching</li><li>NSAIDs - for temporary pain relief</li><li>Steroid injection</li><li>Surgical decompression - slitting the flexor retinaculum.</li></ol>

How To Manage 

Syndrome where median nerve is compressed under the flexor retinaculum.

What Is It? 

CTS progresses in 4 stages. <ul><li>Stage I - discomfort in wrist, first 3 fingers, morning stiffness.</li><li>Stage II - localised tingling pain, numbness.</li><li>Stage III - clumsy hand, loss of grip. </li><li>Stage IV - sensory loss along first 3 fingers, hand muscle atrophy/wasting.</li></ul>

Symptoms & Features 

Do you wake with pins and needles and numbness at night in your hand?

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

<ul><li>dementia.</li><li>issues with the autonomic nervous system, such as problems with controlled movements or spasms.</li><li>early problems in maintaining balance.</li><li>rapid onset and progression of symptoms.</li></ul>

Parkinsonism: Other Symptoms

A person with Parkinsonism usually starts developing symptoms at anywhere from <a href="http://www.utswmedicine.org/brain-spine/programs/parkinsonism/">50 to 80</a> years.<ul><li>difficulty showing facial expressions</li><li>muscle stiffness</li><li>slowed, affected movements</li><li>speech changes</li><li>tremor, especially of one hand</li></ul>* A person with Parkinsonism may have some, but not all of the above. Since they also have an additional disorder that affects the brain’s functioning.* For example, people with Parkinsonism often do not have the hand tremors that affect many people with Parkinson’s disease.

Parkinsonism: Symptoms

Parkinsonism is a disease that occurs when a person has symptoms and brain dysfunction commonly associated with Parkinson’s disease but also has other symptoms.A person with Parkinsonism will usually have another disorder causing additional neurological symptoms.<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Parkinson's disease - Dysfunction and cell death of the portion of the brain that produces dopamine. </li><li class="ql-align-justify">Dopamine - Neurotransmitter that transmits signals between brain and nerve. It is partially responsible for making controlled movements in the body.</li></ul>

Parkinsonism: Introduction

<ol><li>Can be caused by Parkinson’s disease</li><li>Other-</li></ol><ul><li>Corticobasal degeneration :Causes dementia & affected movements,on one side. No controlled muscle movement</li><li>Dementia with Lewy bodies :Causes poor alertness,visual hallucinations</li><li>Multiple system atrophy :Affects coordination & autonomic dysfunction(bowel-bladder incontinence)</li><li>Progressive supranuclear palsy :Causes dementia, frequent backward fall</li></ul>3. Vascular Parkinsonism causes multiple, small strokes<a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7624.php"> </a>affecting person’s balance &memory4. Drug-induced Parkinsonism by Aripiprazole/Abilify, Haloperidol/Haldol & metoclopramide/Reglan

Parkinsonism: Causes

Being a medical field student, I feel it's necessary to make people aware of various problems.

Parkinsonism is a condition that causes some symptoms of Parkinson’s disease alongside those of another disorder. We also look at diagnosis and treatment.

Understand yourself and those around you.

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Psychology

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Science & Nature

Parkinsonism: Symptoms, treatment, and diagnosis

This is a temporary type called as <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9012-gestational-diabetes">Gestational diabetes </a>This type develops in some women during their pregnancy. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after pregnancy. However, if you have gestational diabetes you're at higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later on in life.

Diabetes During Pregnancy..

<ul><li><a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17666-type-1-diabetes-in-children">Type 1 diabetes </a>: This is an autoimmune disease. Here, the insulin-producing cells(alpha cells) in pancreas are destroyed. Up to 10% of diabetics are Type 1. Usually diagnosed in children & young adults. Patients need to take insulin every day.(Insulin-dependent diabetes)</li><li><a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes">Type 2 diabetes: </a> Here, body either doesn’t make enough insulin or body’s cells don’t respond normally to insulin. It is most common type of diabetes. Up to 95% of diabetics are Type 2. Usually occurs in middle-aged & older people. Also called as Adult-onset diabetes & insulin-resistant diabetes. </li></ul>

Types Of Diabetes Mellitus

<ul><li>Increased thirst.</li><li>Weak, tired feeling.</li><li>Blurred vision.</li><li>Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.</li><li>Slow-healing sores or cuts.</li><li>Unplanned weight loss.</li><li>Frequent urination.</li><li>Frequent unexplained infections.</li><li>Dry mouth.</li></ul>Other symptoms--<ul><li>In women: Dry and itchy skin, and frequent <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-yeast-infections">yeast infections </a>or <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9135-urinary-tract-infections">urinary tract infections </a>.</li><li>In men: Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, decreased muscle strength.</li></ul>

Symptoms..

Insulin is a hormone made by pancreas.Pancreas release insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin allows glucose to enter body’s cells. Glucose provides the “fuel” or energy tissues and organs need to properly function.

"Key" Reason For Diabetes Mellitus..

Diabetes is when your body isn't able to take up sugar (glucose) into its cells and use it for energy. This results in a build up of extra sugar in your bloodstream.

What Is Diabetes Mellitus??

<ul><li>Plan on what you eat and follow a healthy meal plan. Diets high in nutrition and fiber and low in fats and calories are helpful.</li><li><a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/7050-aerobic-exercise">Exercise regularly </a>. Try to exercise at least 30 minutes most days of the week. Walk, swim,etc.. activities that make us perspire should be done.</li><li><a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17633-weight-management-tips">Lose weight </a>if you are overweight.</li><li>Take medication and insulin, if prescribed, and closely following recommendations on how and when to take it.</li><li>Monitor the blood glucose and <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/4014-blood-pressure-when--how-to-check-at-home">blood pressure levels</a> regularly with no falsified data.</li><li>Quit smoking and alcoholic beverages.</li></ul>

Measures To Keep A Check On Diabetes...

<ul><li>Nerve damage (<a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14737-neuropathy">neuropathy </a>) that causes numbing and tingling that starts at toes or fingers then spreads.</li><li><a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15096-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease">Kidney damage </a>(nephropathy) that can lead to <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17689-kidney-failure">kidney failure </a>or the need for <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/14618-dialysis">dialysis </a>or <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/4350-kidney-transplant-procedure">transplant </a>.</li><li>Eye damage (<a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8591-diabetic-retinopathy">retinopathy </a>) that can lead to blindness; <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8589-cataracts">cataracts </a>, <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4212-glaucoma">glaucoma </a>.</li><li><a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9492-diabetes-foot--skin-related-complications">Foot damage </a>including nerve damage, poor blood flow and poor healing of cuts and sores.</li><li>Skin infections.</li><li>Dental problems.</li></ul>In Gestational Diabetes--In mother: <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17952-preeclampsia">Preeclampsia </a> high blood pressure, excess protein in urine, leg/feet swelling.In newborn: Higher-than-normal birth weight, low blood sugar-<a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11647-hypoglycemia-low-blood-sugar">hypoglycemia</a>.

Complications..

Diabetes happens when your body can’t take up sugar (glucose) into its cells to use as fuel. Too much glucose in your bloodstream can damage your body’s organs and tissues.

food

Food

Diabetes:  Types, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Tests, Treatments & Prevention

<ul><li>Doctors may administer -</li></ul><ol><li>Atropine to stabilize your breathing.</li><li>Pralidoxime, which can help relieve neuromuscular problems.</li><li> In severe cases, Benzodiazepine to prevent or stop seizures</li></ol><ul><li>If exposed to organophosphates in small doses and don’t need to be hospitalized,a low dose of atropine will be enough.</li><li>An injection of 10 mg diazepam is recommended for people exposed to chemical attacks of organophosphates.</li></ul>Organophosphate poisoning is a serious medical condition. Long, high-intensity exposures are the most concerning.Seek emergency treatment immediately if severe signs of poisoning.

Organophosphate Poisoning: Treatment & Drugs

Organophosphate poisoning can cause several serious complications. These include:<ul><li>metabolic disorders, such as hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and glycosuria (excess sugar in urine)</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/ketoacidosis">diabetic ketoacidosis </a>, in which your blood produces excess blood acids</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pancreatitis">pancreatitis </a>, or inflammation of the pancreas</li><li>cancer</li><li>neurological problems, such as muscle weakness and twitching, poor concentration, poor memory, and <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder </a></li><li>fertility problems</li></ul>Complications tend to become worse the longer and more intensely you are exposed to organophosphates.

Organophosphate Poisoning: Severe Exposure

<ol><li>Most people at-risk for unintentional organophosphate poisoning are who live or work on or near farms. </li><li>Organophosphate poisoning can happen by consuming contaminated food or water.</li></ol>The first goal of treating emergency cases is stabilization. Emergency care workers will:<ul><li>decontaminate your body to prevent further exposure</li><li>stabilize your breathing</li><li>use <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/intravenous-fluid-regulation">intravenous fluids </a>to flush your system of toxins</li></ul>In non-emergency cases, supportive therapy will be used. <ul><li>Close attention to breathing. As respiration is weakened by organophosphate exposure.</li></ul>

Organophosphate Poisoning: Risks and Steps to Cure

Organophosphate poisoning can be short- or long-term. It is usually due to the insecticides , fertilizers used on farms. Symptoms can occur within several minutes or hours of exposure.Mild exposure may cause:<ul><li>narrowed, pinpointed pupils</li><li>impaired, blurry vision</li><li>stinging eyes</li><li>runny nose</li><li>watery eyes</li><li>excess saliva</li><li>glassy eyes</li><li>headache</li><li>nausea</li><li>muscle weakness</li><li>muscle twitching</li><li>agitation</li><li>very narrowed pupils</li><li>confusion</li><li>agitation</li><li>convulsions</li><li>excessive body secretions like- sweat, saliva, mucus,tears</li><li>irregular heartbeat</li><li>collapse</li><li>respiratory depression or arrest</li><li>coma</li></ul>

Organophosphate Poisoning: Mild Exposure

Here's what you should know about organophosphate poisoning, including symptoms, how it's diagnosed, and treatment.

Organophosphate Poisoning: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

Phlebotomy is when someone uses a needle to take <a href="https://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-blood">blood </a>from a vein, usually in your arm. *Also called a blood draw or venipuncture.Therapeutic Phlebotomy-<ul><li>Blood withdrawn as a treatment for certain medical conditions.</li><li>Removes extra red blood cells, unusually shaped red blood cells, or extra iron in the blood. </li><li>Therapeutic phlebotomy is used to treat people with:. 1)Hemochromatosis 2)Polycythemia<a href="https://www.webmd.com/cancer/polycythemia-vera"> vera</a> 3)Porphyria cutanea tarda 4)Sickle<a href="https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-sickle-cell-disease"> cell disease</a> 5)Nonalcoholic <a href="https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/fatty-liver-disease">fatty liver disease</a></li></ul>

Phlebotomy: What is it?

Steps-<ol><li>Patient will sit in a chair or lie down.</li><li>Technician will ask patient to make a fist with his hand. </li><li>Then they’ll tie a band, called a tourniquet, around the upper arm. (This makes the veins pop out a little more, which will make it easier to insert the needle in the right place.)</li><li>Patient may feel a pinch or sting when the needle goes into the arm. </li><li>The needle is attached to a small tube that lets the blood flow into a test tube or bag.</li><li>The process usually takes just a few minutes.</li></ol>

Phlebotomy: What is done?

Phlebotomy is when someone uses a needle to take blood from your vein. It’s also called a blood draw or venipuncture. WebMD explains the process, risks, and side effects.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

Parkinsonism: Symptoms, treatment, and diagnosis

Diabetes: Types, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Tests, Treatments & Prevention

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Organophosphate Poisoning: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

Parkinsonism: Symptoms, treatment, and diagnosis

Diabetes: Types, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Tests, Treatments & Prevention

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Organophosphate Poisoning: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

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