The BioSentinel mission was selected as one of the secondary payloads, to fly on the first launch of the Space Launch System rocket for the Artemis I missionThe primary objective of BioSentinel is to develop a biosensor instrument to detect and measure the impact of space radiation on living organisms over long durations beyond low-Earth Orbit (LEO).

Introduction

BioSentinel will address strategic knowledge gaps related to the biological effects of space radiation, and will provide an adaptable platform to perform human- relevant measurements in multiple space environments in the future. The BioSentinel biosensor utilizes the budding yeast to query the biological response to ambient deep space radiation, including DNA damageGrowth and metabolic activity of the yeast cells will be measured using a 3-color LED detection system and the metabolic indicator.

Science Goals Of Mission

Yeast is the ideal organism for this mission because of its spaceflight heritage, well-characterized genetic tools, and its capacity to survive long period space radiation. Most Importantly, yeast’s DNA damage repair processes are highly similar to that of humans. The biosensor contains two genetically engineered yeast strains: a wild type strain that serves as a control for yeast health and “normal” DNA damage repair, and a rad51 deletion strain, which is defective for DNA damage repair.

Why Yeast?? 

The BioSentinel mission is funded by the Advanced Exploration Systems program within the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters.Partner organizations include NASA Ames Research Center for the development of BioSentinel, and NASA Johnson Space Center for the LET spectrometer.

Partners & Funding

A biology experiment on a small, deep-space satellite will study radiation exposure to help NASA prepare to send humans farther than they’ve ever gone before.

What is BioSentinel?

The speed of light in a vacuum is 186,282 miles per second (299,792 kilometers per second), and in theory, nothing can travel faster than light. In miles per hour, light speed is, well, a lot: about 670,616,629 mph. If you could travel at the speed of light, you could go around the Earth 7.5 times in one second.

How fast is light in miles per second?

Facts

How Fast Does Light Travel?

When a spacecraft built for humans ventures into deep space, it requires an array of features to keep it and a crew inside safe.

<ul><li class="ql-align-justify"> As humans travel farther from Earth for longer missions, the systems that keep them alive must be highly reliable while taking up minimal mass and volume. </li><li class="ql-align-justify">Even small systems have to function reliably to support life in space, from a working toilet to an automated fire suppression system or exercise equipment that helps astronauts stay in shape to counteract the zero-gravity environment in space </li></ul>

Systems to Live and Breathe

<ul><li>The farther into space a vehicle ventures, the more capable its propulsion systems need to be to maintain its course on the journey with precision and ensure its crew can get home.</li></ul>

Proper Propulsion

<ul><li>Going to the Moon is no easy task, and it’s only half the journey. The farther a spacecraft travels in space, the more heat it will generate as it returns to Earth. Getting back safely requires technologies that can help a spacecraft endure speeds 30 times the speed of sound and heat twice as hot as molten lava or half as hot as the sun.</li></ul>

The Ability to Hold Off the Heat

<ul><li>As a spacecraft travels on missions beyond the protection of Earth’s magnetic field, it will be exposed to a harsher radiation environment than in low-Earth orbit with greater amounts of radiation from charged particles and solar storms that can cause disruptions to critical computers, avionics and other equipment.</li><li>Humans exposed to large amounts of radiation can experience both acute and chronic health problems ranging from near-term radiation sickness to the potential of developing cancer in the long-term.</li></ul>

Radiation Protection

<ul><li>Spacecraft venturing far from home go beyond the Global Positioning System (GPS) in space and above communication satellites in Earth orbit. To talk with mission control in Houston, Orion will use all three of NASA’s space communications networks.As it rises from the launch pad and into cislunar space, Orion will switch from the Near Earth Network to the Space Network, made possible by the Tracking and Data Relay Satellites, and finally to the Deep Space Network that provides communications for some of NASA’s most distant spacecraft. </li></ul>

Constant Communication and Navigation

As humans travel farther from Earth for longer missions, the systems that keep them alive must be highly reliable while taking up minimal mass and volume.

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Top Five Technologies Needed for a Spacecraft to Survive Deep Space

With plans to put humans on Mars in the near future, a medical emergency beyond the stars could spell disaster. Nina Louise Purvis looks at how to fix this problemEarlier this year, it was reported that an astronaut in <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/Space">space </a>had developed a potentially life-threatening blood clot in the neck. This was successfully treated with medication by doctors on Earth, avoiding surgery.But given that space agencies and private spaceflight companies have committed to landing humans on <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/Mars">Mars </a>in the coming decades, we may not be so lucky next time.

Background

Surgical emergencies are in fact one of the main challenges when it comes to human space travel. But over the last few years, space medicine researchers have come up with a number of ideas that could help, from surgical robots to <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/3d-printers">3D printers</a>.

One of the Main Challenges to Space Travel

Mars is a whopping 33.9 million miles away from Earth, when closest. In comparison, the <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/international-space-station">International Space Agency </a>(ISS) orbits just 248 miles above Earth.For surgical emergencies on the ISS, the procedure is to stabilise the patient and transport them back to Earth, aided by telecommunication in real time.This won’t work on Mars missions, where evacuation would take months or years, and there may be a latency in communications of over twenty minutes.

Surgeries in Mars?

As well as distance, the extreme environment faced during transit to and on Mars includes<ul><li>microgravity</li><li>high radiation levels and</li><li>an enclosed pressurised cabin or suit.</li></ul>This is tough on astronauts’ bodies and takes time getting used to.We already know that space travel changes astronauts’ cells, blood pressure regulation and heart performance. It also affects the body’s fluid distribution and weakens its bones and muscles. Space travellers may also develop infections more easily.So in terms of fitness for surgery, an injured or unwell astronaut will be already at a physiological disadvantage.

Extreme Environments, Not Only a Distance Issue

But how likely is it that an astronaut will actually need surgery?For a crew of seven people, researchers estimate that there will be an average of one surgical emergency every 2.4 years during a Mars mission.The main causes include injury, appendicitis, gallbladder inflammation or cancer. Astronauts are screened extensively when they are selected, but surgical emergencies can occur in healthy people and may be exacerbated in the extreme environment of space.

How Likely Is It To Need Surgeries in Space?

Surgery in microgravity is possible and has already been carried out, albeit not on humans yet.For example, astronauts have managed to repair rat tails and perform laparoscopy – a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to examine and repair the organs inside the abdomen – on animals, while in microgravity.Surgery by a robot controlled from another lab was successfully used to remove a fake gallbladder and kidney stone from a fake bodyThese surgeries have led to new innovations and improvements such as magnetising surgical tools so they stick to the table, and restraining the “surgeonaut”.

It Has Worked Before...

One problem was that, during open surgery, the intestines would float around, obscuring the view of the surgical field. To deal with this, space travellers should opt for minimally invasive surgical techniques, such as keyhole surgery, ideally occurring within patients’ internal cavities through small incisions using a camera and instruments.A laparoscopy was recently carried out on fake abdomens during a parabolic “zero-gravity” flight, with surgeons successfully stemming traumatic bleeding. But they warned that it would be psychologically hard to carry out such a procedure on a crewmate.

The Obvious Issue

Bodily fluids will also behave differently in space and on Mars. The blood in our veins may stick to instruments due to surface tension. Floating droplets may form streams that could restrict the surgeon’s view- not ideal. The circulating air of an enclosed cabin may also be an infection risk. Surgical bubbles and blood-repelling surgical tools could be the solution.Researchers have already developed + tested various surgical enclosures in microgravity environments. E.g. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/Nasa">NASA </a>assessed a closed system comprising a surgical clear plastic overhead canopy with arm ports, to prevent contamination.

Bodily Fluids Behave Differently in  Space

When orbiting or settled on Mars, however, we would ideally need a hypothetical “traumapod”, with radiation shielding, surgical robots, advanced life support and restraints.This would be a dedicated module with filtered air supply and a computer to aid in diagnosis and treatment.

The Surgical Environment

The surgeries carried out in space so far have revealed that a large amount of support equipment is essential. This is a luxury the crew may not have on a virgin voyage to Mars.You cannot take much equipment on a rocket. It has therefore been suggested that a 3D printer could use materials from Mars itself to develop surgical tools.Tools that have been 3D printed have been successfully tested by crew with no prior surgical experience, performing a task similar to surgery simply by cutting and suturing materials (rather than a body). There was no substantial difference in time to completion.

Using 3D Printers

Robotic surgery is another option that has been used routinely on Earth and tested for planetary excursions.During Neemo 7, a series of missions in the underwater habitat Aquarius in Florida Keys by Nasa, surgery by a robot controlled from another lab was successfully used to remove a fake gallbladder and kidney stone from a fake body.However, the lag in communications in space will make remote control a problem. Ideally, surgical robots would need to be autonomous.

Robotics Surgery

There is a wealth of research and preparation for the possible event of a surgical emergency during a Mars mission, but there are many unknowns, especially when it comes to diagnostics and anaesthesia. Ultimately, prevention is better than surgery. So selecting healthy crew and developing the engineering solutions needed to protect them will be crucial.Nina Louise Purvis is a postgraduate researcher in space medicine and a medical student at King’s College London. This article first appeared on The Conversation.

Conclusion

I have been researching about the future of healthcare and how it would change over the coming years with the evolving technologies and the growing population. This context may be way into the future, but it is interesting to consider how space medicine can be possible, as you need more than a rocket to venture out in space!

My stuff

From Surgical Robots to 3D Printers, This is How to Do Surgery in Space

1. First spacecraft to study a star - Our Sun. The Parker solar probe, launched on August 11, 2018 is a part of NASA’s ‘Living With a Star’ program. This probe will attempt to study two sections of the Sun: the corona and its atmosphere.2. First mission to be named after living person. The Parker solar probe gets its name from physicist Eugene Parker, who provided concepts to the energy generating capabilities of stars.3.Closest distance of any spacecraft from Sun. This distance will reduce to 3.8 million miles (6.12 million km) by the final orbits of the Parker spacecraft around the sun.

The Fastest Ever Man-made Machine.

#shorts #facts #space #parkersolarprobe 3 facts about The Parker Solar Probe : The Fastest ever Man-made machine. 1. First spacecraft to study a star - Our Sun. The Parker solar probe, launched on August 11, 2018 is a part of NASA’s ‘Living With a Star’ program. This probe will attempt to study two sections of the Sun: the corona and its atmosphere. 2. First mission to be named after living person. The Parker solar probe gets its name from physicist Eugene Parker, who provided concepts to the energy generating capabilities of stars. 3.Closest distance of any spacecraft from Sun For most of its studies, the Parker probe will maintain a distance of around 15 million miles (24.15 million km) away from the Sun’s surface. This distance will reduce to 3.8 million miles (6.12 million km) by the final orbits of the Parker spacecraft around the Sun, expected around the end of 2024, where it will attain a speed of 430,000 miles per hour (692,000 km per hour). Know more about… Space : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfnAISJIMWKxkPoL9qoU9Hwv General knowledge : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfn6hHfyZBGiw-atw0its-7Q Science & Technology : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xfmONVgfMhMbstBLpZuyJCP2 Health : https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO6kTsDI4xflrlYCGE0EIyWXoBoNG81-r 🙏Requests🙏 I requested to you (My viewers) please subscribe to my channel and if you like video then please press like button.All youtubers are doing hard work in video making and your like, Share, Subscribes are fruits for our hard works. You also follow me on: - Facebook: www.facebook.com/thetechers You can visit my Website : www.knowledgevaccination.blogspot.com This video is under Fair Use: Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act in 1976; Allowance is made for "Fair Use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non - profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. All rights and credit go directly to its rightful owners. No copyright infringement intended. Sound credit : Hitman movie Video Credit : NASA / NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Thank you all of you...🙏

What is BioSentinel?

How Fast Does Light Travel?

Top Five Technologies Needed for a Spacecraft to Survive Deep Space

From Surgical Robots to 3D Printers, This is How to Do Surgery in Space

3 facts about The Parker Solar Probe : The Fastest ever Man-made machine. #shorts

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