A mental model is a general idea that can be used to explain many different phenomena. Supply and demand in economics, natural selection in biology, recursion in computer science, or proof by induction in mathematics — these models are everywhere once you know to look for them.

10 Mental Models For Learning Anything

Unfortunately, learning is rarely taught as a class on its own — meaning most of these mental models are known only to specialists. In this essay, I’d like to share the ten that have influenced me the most, along with references to dig deeper in case you’d like to know more.

Herbert Simon and Allen Newell launched the study of problem solving with their landmark book, Human Problem Solving. In it, they argued that people solve problems by searching through a problem space.A problem space is like a maze: you know where you are now, you’d know if you’ve reached the exit, but you don’t know how to get there. One implication of this model is that, without prior knowledge, most problems are really difficult to solve. Learning is the process of acquiring patterns and methods to cut down on brute-force searching.

1. Problem solving is search.

Retrieving knowledge strengthens memory more than seeing something for a second time does. Testing knowledge isn’t just a way of measuring what you know — it actively improves your memory. In fact, testing is one of the best study techniques researchers have discovered. Retrieval only works if there is something to retrieve. This is why we need books, teachers and classes. When memory fails, we fall back on problem-solving search which, depending on the size of the problem space, may fail utterly to give us a correct answer.

2. Memory strengthens by retrieval.

How much you’re able to learn depends on what you already know. Research finds that the amount of knowledge retained from a text depends on prior knowledge of the topic. This effect can even outweigh general intelligence in some situations. This process has limits, of course, or knowledge would accelerate indefinitely. Still, it’s good to keep in mind because the early phases of learning are often the hardest and can give a misleading impression of future difficulty within a field.

3. Knowledge grows exponentially.

Few subjects are so misunderstood as creativity. We tend to imbue creative individuals with a near-magical aura, but creativity is much more mundane in practice. Even in fine art, the importance of copying has been neglected. Yes, many revolutions in art were explicit rejections of past trends. But the revolutionaries themselves were, almost without exception, steeped in the tradition they rebelled against. Rebelling against any convention requires awareness of that convention.

4. Creativity is mostly copying.

Transfer refers to enhanced abilities in one task after practice or training in a different task. In research on transfer, a typical pattern shows up: Practice at a task makes you better at it.Practice at a task helps with similar tasks (usually ones that overlap in procedures or knowledge).Practice at one task helps little with unrelated tasks, even if they seem to require the same broad abilities like “memory,” “critical thinking” or “intelligence.”

5. Skills are specific.

Since the 1980s, cognitive load theory has been used to explain how interventions optimize (or limit) learning based on our limited mental bandwidth. This research finds: Problem solving may be counterproductive for beginners. Novices do better when shown worked examples (solutions) instead.Materials should be designed to avoid needing to flip between pages or parts of a diagram to understand the material.Redundant information impedes learning.Complex ideas can be learned more easily when presented first in parts.

6. Mental bandwidth is extremely limited.

A good rule is to aim for a roughly 85% success rate when learning. You can do this by calibrating the difficulty of your practice (open vs. closed book, with vs. without a tutor, simple vs. complex problems) or by seeking extra training and assistance when falling below this threshold. If you succeed above this threshold, you’re probably not seeking hard enough problems — and are practicing routines instead of learning new skills.

7. Success is the best teacher.

How people can think logically is an age-old puzzle. Since Kant, we’ve known that logic can’t be acquired from experience. Somehow, we must already know the rules of logic, or an illogical mind could never have invented them. In 1983, Philip Johnson-Laird proposed a solution: we reason by constructing a mental model of the situation.To test a syllogism like “All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal,” we imagine a collection of men, all of whom are mortal, and imagine that Socrates is one of them. We deduce the syllogism is true through this examination.

8. We reason through examples.

Skills become increasingly automated through practice. This reduces our conscious awareness of the skill, making it require less of our precious working memory capacity to perform. Think of driving a car: at first, using the blinkers and the brakes was painfully deliberate. After years of driving, you barely think about it.

9. Knowledge becomes invisible with experience.

Forgetting is the unavoidable fate of any skill we don’t use regularly. Hermann Ebbinghaus found that knowledge tapers off at an exponential rate — most quickly at the beginning, slowing down as time elapses.Relearning is a nuisance, especially since struggling with previously easy problems can be discouraging. Yet it’s no reason not to learn deeply and broadly — even forgotten knowledge can be revived much faster than starting from scratch.

10. Relearning is relatively fast.

mindfulness

Mindfulness

motivationandinspiration

Motivation & Inspiration

mentalhealth

Mental Health

problemsolving

Problem Solving

cybersecurity

Cybersecurity

These words are often said by gym coaches. It is a hard-hitting quote for everyone. Motivation is temporary, But discipline is permanent. We get motivated in thousand ways, but only one way to get through discipline. It would be best if you had the willpower to have both.

Don’t get motivated, be disciplined.

There is always a comparison between salt and sugar. Most of the good people are compared with sugar, but it is not exactly. People tend to be salt. A small amount of salt plays a huge role in maintaining human body health. If we consume too much salt, it leads to high blood pressure and hypertension. In the same way, our care and affection towards people are like salt. If we care too much for a person, we can’t overcome it. So people tend to be salt and use it wisely.

People are like salt:

''Slow and steady wins the race'' is a story about a rabbit and tortoise. We have known this story since childhood. The story says that you can be more successful by doing things slowly and steadily than by acting quickly and carelessly.Imagine two people. One person gets motivated for a day and does 500 push-ups; the next, he starts procrastinating. After a week, he gets the same motivation and the loop continues. There is no use in this. But the other person has some discipline, he has a consistent mindset, and he does 100 push-ups each day.

Slow and steady wins the race:

Everyone needs some motivation to do work. But it is not healthy in all aspects. Most people procrastinate their time, so they need motivation. Warren Buffett says, “An idiot with a plan can beat a genius without a plan”. Commit to the task, you have a job and you have to do it wholeheartedly. If you do that, you will not need motivation, it leads through discipline. Hustle every day to do something. Nowadays, people have too many distractions and easily get satisfied with what they get. At the end of the day, both motivation and discipline lead to success.

Don’t get motivated be disciplined:

Disciplined person is always Happy! 😊✌️

These words are often said by gym coaches. It is a hard-hitting quote for everyone. Motivation is temporary, But discipline is permanent. We get motivated in thousand ways, but only one way to get…

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

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Personal Development

Why Is No One Talking About Sleep?Sleep is something we all do( unless you have Fatal Insomnia). And it’s arguably one of the most important processes in a 24-hour day.I mean sleep is what keeps us functioning! It allows the brain and the body to recharge, i.e. function better. Imagine a world where you can’t go to sleep after a tough day at work.I don’t think anyone needs to read these, they’re common sense. Yet people still have shitty sleep schedules. Either they don’t get enough sleep, oversleep, or stay awake until 3 a.m.

Get Your Sleep On Time

Here's how you are going to do it!Firstly, it’s important to know how long you’ll be sleeping. For this, we have to know that the body recharges in 90-minute cycles. We want to get at least 5 cycles. So, you’ll be sleeping for 7 hours and 30 minutes.

Improve Your Sleep Schedule

Secondly, we don’t want to be sleeping whenever. It’s important we sleep early and wake up early. This is very important( and we’ll get into the benefits in a minute). Ideally, you’d be sleeping at 10 p.m. and waking up at 5:30 a.m., but you can change this depending on your schedule.

Improve Sleep Schedule

Now for the benefits. Because why should you have a sleep schedule, if there are no benefits to it? Well, waking up early is proven to reduce stress, and give you peaceful mornings which will help you tremendously productivity-wise and mentally. Having a schedule also helps you get sick less( according to health.gov) and think more clearly.

Benefits Of Good Sleep

So: GET YOUR SLEEPMentally

😊✌️

Having good sleep everyday is very important 

Medium is an open platform where readers find dynamic thinking, and where expert and undiscovered voices can share their writing on any topic.

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Reading & Writing

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Communication

Medium – Where good ideas find you.

If you login to Instagram right now and search for #depression, you’ll see a warning. It reads: “Posts with words you’re searching for often encourage behavior that can cause harm and even lead to death.”You can bypass this warning and see the tagged posts. Or you can click on a “Get Support” button that leads you to depression-focused resources or recommendations. The first of those recommendations is “Talk to a Friend.” It encourages you to call or text someone you trust.

Social media may be dangerous

According to reporting from CNET, Instagram and other social media sites first started to implement these warnings last year. They began by flagging content related to eating disorders and negative body image, and have since expanded the program to depression and other forms of psychological distress.The fact that social sites like Instagram are directing vulnerable people away from their platforms and toward real-world connections may not seem like a big deal. But it is a big admission.

The REPORT

For years, some researchers — notably Jean Twenge, PhD, at San Diego State University — have been trying to warn us that social media can be risky, perhaps especially for young people or those with mental health challenges. But social media’s defenders have often argued that these platforms allow vulnerable or marginalized people to connect with others like themselves, which is surely a good thing.This defense was always speculative. There is very little evidence indicating that social media-based support groups or communities are beneficial.

Advice From Experts

Also, researchers have found that members of vulnerable groups may feel better after spending time away from social media. For example, a 2020 study on LGBTQ youths who attended a social media-free summer camp found “across the board” reductions in depressive symptoms among those teens who’d spent the most time on social before attending the camp. “When we’re vulnerable we tend to reach out via social media, but those are also the times when social media may present the biggest challenges for us,” says Brian Primack, a professor of public health and medicine at the University of Arkansas.

Researches 

If you can’t stay away from social media, Primack recommends trying to limit your time on it as much as possible. If you’re a heavy user, trying to trim your habit to less than two hours a day may be beneficial, his research suggests.He also offers this advice: “Focus on small groups, including chat clusters with one or a few people at a time. This can help you focus on the people you feel closest to.” In other words, try to make your time on social media more like a real-world gathering with friends.

Overcoming Addiction

Social Media Addiction could be dangerous🤯

If you login to Instagram right now and search for #depression, you’ll see a warning. It reads: “Posts with words you’re searching for often encourage behavior that can cause harm and even lead to…

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Health

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Parenting

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Society, Arts & Culture

Social Media, Like Alcohol, May Be Riskier When You’re Vulnerable

Everybody who works out wants an impressive set of biceps.Whether you’re male or female, a good set of arms, toned or huge, makes a statement about your physical condition. Without wearing ridiculous clothing, your arms are usually the most visible part of your musculature.This article is about the best exercises you can do to add size to your arms in the shortest time possible.

BIGGER  ARMS  IN  LESS  TIME

If you go to a gym you’ll see more variations on the biceps curl than just about any other exercise. Curls in the squat rack, concentration curls, curls with cables, curls with dumbells, curls lying down, curls standing up, curls on an incline bench, preacher curls, EZ bar curls, curls on the medicine ball, ad infinitum. It’s ridiculous and it’s misguided. Curls are not the most effective way to train the biceps, and the amount of training most people engage in is counterproductive.

Vanity is the mother of invention

If you had to pick one exercise to grow your thigh muscles, would you pick an isolation exercise like leg extensions, or would you pick squats? How about your chest muscles, would you pick cable crossovers or a bench press? Most people will pick the compound exercises (squats and bench press) and that’s the right thing to do. But that line of thinking goes out of the window when it comes to training arms.Compound exercises generate more growth than isolation exercises. Bicep curls and all of their variations are isolation exercises. The best compound exercise for your biceps is the chin up.

Compound VS Isolation

To paraphrase Arthur Jones; ‘if you can do 20 chin ups and 20 dips, there’s not much more you can do for your arms’. Mr Jones may have been a thoroughly unlikeable character, but we shouldn’t let that blind us to his insights. A lot of people find chin ups hard, and they are, but that doesn’t mean they’re not superior to curls. As well as being the best single exercise for adding size to your biceps, chin ups help to stabilise and increase the range of motion in the shoulders, they are a good core exercise, and they’re a great back exercise.

Good  Advice

Whether you’re male or female, a good set of arms, toned or huge, makes a statement about your physical condition. Without wearing ridiculous clothing, your arms are usually the most visible part of…

exerciseandfitness

Exercise & Fitness

Bigger arms in less time

Aging is the most dreaded transformation we all have to face at some point in our lives. That’s why we take to expensive skincare and beauty products to look younger. The average American woman, for example, spends about $313 per month on appearance alone while the men, on their part, spend about $244 over the same period.But more than what you spend on beauty products, what impacts your body and health are your everyday habits. Here are unhealthy daily habits that make you age faster than normal.

Most adults settle into bed without giving much thought to how they are situated. It is such a routine habit that many rarely bother about how it affects their health.Sleeping positions has one of the strongest effects on your body, especially when done consistently.In a study, researchers found that the compression to the face during sleep causes facial distortion when people sleep on their sides, leading to the formation of sleep wrinkles over time.

1. You Lie Down on The Side During Sleep

Being overexposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun increases the aging rate by 80% as your face begins to show intense signs such as wrinkling, dryness, sagging, and spotty pigmentation. Cleveland Clinic has found that exposure to sun damage the skin cells, and cause the skin to look older, more wrinkled, and dry.“Using sunscreen doesn’t only protect your skin from getting burned, it also slows the speed of aging.”Think about it, researchers surveyed over 900 people over a period of four years.

2. You’re Not Using Sunscreen Regularly

You might not know but sugar can make you age faster. This is why it’s advisable to consume it in moderation for optimum health.In 2013, a group of researchers looked at 602 photographs of people with different blood sugar levels and attempted to guess their ages. Across the board, they found that the people with higher sugar levels consistently looked older.“Of course, you cannot stay away from sugar completely. But if you don’t control it, over time, more sugar in your body produces very specific aging effects, including wrinkles and sagging skin.”

3. You’re Consuming Too Much Sugar

Aging is the most dreaded transformation we all have to face at some point in our lives. That’s why we take to expensive skincare and beauty products to look younger. The average American woman, for…

food

Food

habits

Habits

sports

Sports

5 Toxic Everyday Habits That Make You Age Faster

Knowing that my c﻿ompany’s work is making a meaningful and <a href="https://www.success.com/how-to-use-your-influence-to-help-others/">positive impact </a>on people’s lives.—Marissa Bell, co-founder and CEO at The Seventh Spark Company For me, failure is not an option. I started working toward my launch while pregnant. It was really tough and a lot of personal sacrifices were made during that period. So whenever I feel unmotivated, I look at my son. It reminds me why I started my business and that always pushes me through.—Chiedza Dawn Ziyambe, founder of Miss Chii Lingerie

Push forward when you're tired!

When you're tired, what sustains your work?

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Remote Work

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Music

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Creativity

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Human Resources

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Science & Nature

4 Tips to Help You Sustain Your Work When You're Tired

If you’ve followed along in the <a href="https://store.success.com/by-media/">pages of SUCCESS </a>for very long, you know we believe success is a journey, not a destination. Given the recent organizational changes at SUCCESS , it’s fair to say our journey is just beginning.Let me say right now that the evolution of SUCCESS is likely to continue beyond this issue. Progress is not a straight line. But if you keep at it, you’ll be proud of where you end up.That’s been our philosophy since 1897.

Evolution of success!

Progress is not a straight line. But if you keep at it, you’ll be proud of where you end up.

Discover the world of business and economics.

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Economics

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Business

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Books

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Podcasts

Success Is Progress

According to me, " The power of success is your ability".

Key to success!

Harshad Mehta, a man who started small, and within an incredibly short period, amassed the kind of staggering fortune most people only dream of. He found the gaps in the system, dug deep into them, and turned it inside out. From being the Bachchan of BSE to being a thief and a liar, he lost his credibility in the market. Watch the story of Harshad Mehta's striking success and catastrophic downfall in Scam 1992 - The Harshad Mehta Story, streaming now on Sony Liv. Click here to vote for your favorites! https://www.radiocity.in/hitlistottawards/index #Scam1992 #Scam1992TheHarshadMehtaStory #PratikGandhi

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Science Fiction

movies

Movies & Shows

Harshad Mehta, a man who started small, and within an incredibly short period, amassed the kind of staggering fortune most people only dream of. He found the gaps in the system, dug deep into them, and turned it inside out. From being the Bachchan of BSE to being a thief and a liar, he lost his credibility in the market. Watch the story of Harshad Mehta's striking success and catastrophic downfall in Scam 1992 - The Harshad Mehta Story, streaming now on Sony Liv.

Click here to vote for your favorites!
https://www.radiocity.in/hitlistottawards/index

Watch Scam 1992 now on Sony Liv: https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/scam-1992-the-harshad-mehta-story-1700000292 

#Scam1992 #Scam1992TheHarshadMehtaStory #PratikGandhi

Applause Entertainment is a leading Content & IP Creation Studio with a focus on premium drama series, movies, documentaries and animation content. A venture of the Aditya Birla Group, led by media veteran Sameer Nair, the studio has produced and released popular series across genres and languages which includes shows like Rudra: The Edge of Darkness, Mithya, Criminal Justice, Scam 1992: The Harshad Mehta Story, Undekhi, Bhaukaal and others that have gone on to win acclaim and applause. Currently in production is also a robust slate of Theatrical and Direct-To-Streaming movies including Sharmajee Ki Beti, Jab Khuli Kitab and more. Applause’s first feature, The Rapist, directed by Aparna Sen, recently won the prestigious Kim Jiseok Award at the Busan International Film Festival, 2021. Applause has partnered with leading platforms like Netflix, Disney+Hotstar, Amazon Prime Video, Sony LIV, MX Player, ZEE5 and Voot Select for its creative output.


Applause Entertainment

Swag of Harshad Mehta | Scam 1992 | Pratik Gandhi | Sony LIV

Money Goals

Strive to make 2021 the year you finally achieve your financial goals by keeping these do's and don'ts in mind.

10 Mental Models For Learning Anything

Don’t get motivated, be disciplined.

Medium – Where good ideas find you.

Social Media, Like Alcohol, May Be Riskier When You’re Vulnerable

Bigger arms in less time

vishal bhardwaj