A novel by Lewis Carroll published in 1865, which follows a young girl named Alice who falls down a rabbit hole and experiences surreal and absurd adventures. The phrase "Alice in Wonderland" is often used to describe a situation or experience that is strange, confusing, or nonsensical.

Alice in Wonderland

An Italian adventurer and seducer who lived in the 18th century. His name has become synonymous with a person who is a smooth-talking, charming womanizer.

Casanova

In Greek mythology, Cassandra was a princess who was cursed by Apollo to speak true prophecies that no one would believe. Today, the term "Cassandra" is used to describe someone who predicts future disasters or problems, but is ignored or disbelieved.

Cassandra

The legendary character from Spanish literature who is famous for his many romantic conquests. The phrase "Don Juan" is often used to describe a man who is a persistent womanizer.

Don Juan

The main character in Oscar Wilde's novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, published in 1890. Dorian Gray is a young man who remains youthful and handsome while a portrait of him ages and shows the physical toll of his debauchery. The phrase "Dorian Gray" is used to describe someone who appears youthful and unchanging on the surface, while their true nature is hidden or corrupted.

Dorian Gray

Refers to a character named Sir John Falstaff from several of Shakespeare's plays. Falstaff is a large, boisterous, and comical character known for his love of drinking and indulging in pleasure. The term "Falstaffian" is used to describe someone who is similarly large, jovial, and indulgent.

Falstaffian

The title character of Mary Shelley's novel, published in 1818. Dr. Victor Frankenstein creates a monster out of human parts, but becomes horrified at the creature's monstrous nature. The name "Frankenstein" is often used to refer to the monster, or to describe any creation that is out of control or has unintended consequences.

Frankenstein

The title characters of Robert Louis Stevenson's novella, published in 1886. Dr. Jekyll is a respected scientist who creates a potion that transforms him into his evil alter ego, Mr. Hyde. The phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" is used to describe someone who has two very different sides to their personality.

Jekyll and Hyde

Refers to a fictional race of tiny people who appear in Jonathan Swift's novel, Gulliver's Travels, published in 1726. The term "Lilliputian" is used to describe anything that is small or miniature.

Lilliputian

A character from Nicholas Rowe's play, The Fair Penitent, first performed in 1703. Lothario is a womanizer who seduces the play's heroine, Calista. The term "Lothario" is used to describe a man who is a seducer or womanizer.

Lothario

Refers to the dystopian society depicted in George Orwell's novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, published in 1949. The term "Orwellian" is used to describe a society that is oppressive, totalitarian, or manipulative.

Orwellian

In Greek mythology, Pandora is the first woman, created by the gods as a punishment for humanity. She is given a box that she is told not to open, but her curiosity gets the better of her and she unleashes all the evils of the world. The term "Pandora's box" is used to describe a source of trouble or problems that cannot be undone or contained once it has been opened.

Pandora's box

Refers to a legend from the town of Hamelin, Germany, in which a man playing a pipe lures away the town's rats and then the town's children when the townspeople refuse to pay him. The term "Pied Piper" is used to describe someone who has a charismatic or persuasive personality that can lead others to follow them.

Pied Piper

The main character in the novel by Eleanor H. Porter, published in 1913. Pollyanna is an optimistic and cheerful girl who always looks on the bright side of things, no matter what. The term "Pollyanna" is used to describe someone who is excessively optimistic or who always sees the positive side of things, even in difficult situations.

Pollyanna

The title character in a short story by Washington Irving, first published in 1819. Rip Van Winkle is a man who falls asleep in the Catskill Mountains and wakes up 20 years later to find that everything has changed. The term "Rip Van Winkle" is used to describe someone who has been asleep or out of touch with reality for a long time.

Rip Van Winkle

The title character in J.M. Barrie's play and novel, first performed in 1904 and published in 1911. Peter Pan is a boy who never grows up and lives in a magical world called Neverland. The term "Peter Pan" is used to describe someone who is perpetually childish or immature.

Peter Pan

Refers to the fictional country of Ruritania, which appears in Anthony Hope's novel, The Prisoner of Zenda, published in 1894. The term "Ruritanian" is used to describe a fictional country with a vaguely European, aristocratic culture and political system.

Ruritanian

The main character in Charles Dickens' novel, A Christmas Carol, published in 1843. Ebenezer Scrooge is a miserly old man who is visited by the ghosts of Christmas past, present, and future and learns the true meaning of Christmas. The term "Scrooge" is used to describe someone who is miserly or stingy.

Scrooge

Refers to a fictional utopia described in James Hilton's novel, Lost Horizon, published in 1933. Shangri-La is a hidden valley in the Himalayas that is a peaceful and idyllic paradise. The term "Shangri-La" is used to describe any place or situation that is perfect, peaceful, and remote.

Shangri-La

Refers to the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Sherlock Holmes is known for his keen powers of observation, deduction, and reasoning, and has become an archetype for the detective genre. The term "Sherlock" is used to describe someone who is highly observant and analytical.

Sherlock

Refers to the female characters in the novel by Ira Levin, The Stepford Wives, published in 1972, and the subsequent films and adaptations. The Stepford Wives are perfect, submissive, and robotic housewives who have been replaced with androids. The term "Stepford Wife" is used to describe a woman who is subservient, obedient, and conformist.

Stepford Wife

The title character in George du Maurier's novel, Trilby, published in 1894. Svengali is a hypnotist who manipulates the titular character and turns her into a successful singer. The term "Svengali" is used to describe someone who exercises a controlling or manipulative influence over another person.

Svengali

Refers to the characters in Lewis Carroll's novel, Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There, published in 1871. Tweedledum and Tweedledee are two identical twins who are always arguing with each other. The term "Tweedledum and Tweedledee" is used to describe two people or things that are almost identical and indistinguishable from each other.

Tweedledum and Tweedledee: 

The title character in a short story by James Thurber, first published in 1939. Walter Mitty is a man who daydreams about being a hero and having exciting adventures, but in reality, he leads a dull and unremarkable life. The term "Walter Mitty" is used to describe someone who has a vivid imagination or who indulges in elaborate daydreams.

Walter Mitty

Refers to the title of a book by Sir Thomas More, published in 1516. In the book, More describes an imaginary island society that is perfect and ideal in every way. The term "Utopia" is now used to describe any perfect, ideal, or imaginary society or situation.

Utopia

religionandspirituality

Religion & Spirituality

25 words originated from Classic Literature. 

Materials that are burned or otherwise used to produce energy, typically heat or power.

Fuels

Natural Fuels: These are fuels that occur naturally in the environment and do not require any special processing or preparation. Examples : wood, coal, oil, and natural gas. Prepared Fuels: These are fuels that are produced through processing or refining of natural materials. Examples : gasoline, diesel, propane, and kerosene.

Classification (According to Source)

Solid Fuels: Fuels that are in a solid state at room temperature and require some form of combustion or heating to release their energy.Examples: coal, wood, and biomass.Liquid Fuels: These are fuels that are in a liquid state at room temperature and can be easily transported and stored. Examples : gasoline, diesel, and kerosene.Gaseous Fuels:These are fuels that are in a gaseous state at room temperature and can be easily transported through pipelines or compressed into cylinders. Examples : natural gas, propane, and hydrogen.

Classification (According to Physical State) 

Reliability: Solid fuels (e.g coal and wood) are readily available in many parts of the world, and their supply is less susceptible to disruptions compared to liquid or gaseous fuels.Affordability: They are often cheaper than other types of fuels, making them accessible to low-income households and industries.Energy density: They have a high energy density, they contain a large amount of energy per unit weight or volume, making them efficient for heating and power generation.Versatility: They can be used in a variety of applications, from household heating to large-scale power generation.

Merits of Solid Fuels

Environmental impact: Burning solid fuels can release pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide, which can harm human health and contribute to air pollution and climate change.Storage and transportation: Solid fuels are often bulky and require large storage facilities, which can be expensive and difficult to maintain. Transporting solid fuels over long distances can also be challenging and costly.

Demerits of Solid Fuels

Safety hazards: Handling and storing solid fuels can pose safety risks such as fire and explosions, especially if they are not properly ventilated or contained.Ash and waste disposal: Burning solid fuels generates ash and waste that require proper disposal, which can be expensive and contribute to environmental degradation if not managed properly.

Demerits of Solid Fuels (2)

Merits :1. Higher calorific value. 2. Lower storage capacity required.   3. Better economy in handling. 4. Better control of consumption by using valves.  5. Better cleanliness and freedom from dust. 6. Practically no ashes. 7. Non-deterioration in storage.  8. Non-corrosion of boiler plates. 9. Higher efficiency. Demerits:1. Higher cost. 2. Greater risk of fire. 3. Costly containers are required for storage and transport.

Merits and Demerits of Liquid Fuels over Solid Fuels

Merits:1. The supply of fuel gas, and hence the temperature of furnace is easily and accurately controlled. 2. The high temperature is obtained at a moderate cost by pre-heating gas and air with heat of waste gases of combustion. 3. They are directly used in internal combustion engines. 4. They are free from solid and liquid impurities. 5. They do not produce ash or smoke. 6. They undergo complete combustion with minimum air supply. Demerits:1. They are radially inflammable. 2. They require large storage capacity. #

Merits and Demerits of Gaseous Fuels

1. A good fuel should have a low ignition point. 2. It should have a high calorific value. 3. It should freely burn with a high efficiency, once it is ignited. 4. It should not produce harmful gases. 5. It should produce least quantity of smoke and gases.  6. It should be economical, easy to store and convenient for transportation.

Requirements of a Good Fuel

Calorific Value of Fuel refers to the amount of heat energy that can be obtained per unit mass or volume of a fuel when it is completely burned.Units: joules per kilogram (J/kg) or British thermal units per pound (BTU/lb).

Calorific Value of Fuel

Gross or Higher Calorific Value is the total amount of heat energy that is obtained from a unit mass of fuel when it is completely burned, assuming that all the water vapor produced during combustion is condensed and the heat released during this process is recovered.Net or Lower Calorific Value is the amount of heat energy that is obtained from a unit mass of fuel when it is completely burned, assuming that the water vapor produced during combustion is not condensed and the heat released during this process is not recovered.

HCV and LCV

Two new chapters on eneral Themodynamic Relations and Variable Specific Heat have been Added.The mistake which had crept in have been elinimated.we wish to express our sincere thanks to numerous professors and students,both at home and abroad,for sending their valuable suggestions and also for recommending the book to their students and friends.

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Books

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

A Textbook of Thermal Engineering

The eight different types of love, according to the ancient Greeks, are:<ol><li>Eros (sexual passion) </li><li>Philia (deep friendship)</li><li>Ludus (playful love)</li><li>Agape (love for everyone)</li><li>Pragma (longstanding love)</li><li>Philautia (love of the self)</li><li>Storge (family love)</li><li>Mania (obsessive love)</li></ol>

Different types of love: Greek types of love

Eros is a romantic and passionate love, which is characterized by intense physical and emotional attraction towards the other person. This type of love is often seen as the basis of a romantic relationship. It is commonly portrayed in movies and popular culture as the love that drives people to seek out their soulmate. Eros love is centered around desire, sexual attraction, and the need for intimacy.

Eros (Sexual passion)

Ludus is a playful or flirtatious love, characterized by a desire for excitement and fun. This type of love is often seen in casual dating or short-term relationships, where the person is more focused on the thrill of the chase than on building a lasting connection. Ludus love is characterized by spontaneity, playfulness, and a sense of adventure.

Ludus (Playful love)

Philia is a love of friendship or brotherhood, based on shared interests and mutual respect. This type of love is often seen in close friendships and between teammates. It is characterized by loyalty, companionship, and a willingness to sacrifice for the other person. Philia love is based on mutual trust and respect and is often seen as a strong and lasting bond.

Philia (Deep Friendship)

Agape is a selfless or altruistic love that is focused on the well-being and happiness of others. This type of love is often associated with religious or spiritual contexts, where the person is encouraged to love others as they love themselves. Agape love is characterized by empathy, compassion, and a desire to serve others. It is not based on personal gain or pleasure, but on a selfless desire to do good for others.

Agape (Love for everyone)

Pragma is a practical or pragmatic love, based on shared goals and values. This type of love is often seen in long-term relationships and marriages, where the couple has worked together to build a strong and lasting bond. It is characterized by a sense of companionship, trust, and mutual understanding. Pragma love is based on a shared vision for the future and a willingness to work together to achieve it.

Pragma (longstanding love)

Philautia is a love of oneself, characterized by self-care and self-esteem. This type of love can be either healthy or unhealthy, depending on whether it is based on self-improvement or self-obsession. Philautia love is characterized by a sense of self-worth, self-confidence, and a desire to improve oneself. It is not based on vanity or narcissism, but on a genuine desire to be the best version of oneself.

Philautia (love of the self)

Storge is a familial or affectionate love that is based on familiarity and friendship. This type of love is often seen in long-term relationships and marriages, where the couple has grown to know and understand each other over time. It is characterized by a deep emotional bond, trust, and a sense of security. Storge love is unconditional and is not based on physical attraction.

Storge (family love)

Mania is an obsessive or possessive love, characterized by jealousy and a desire for control. This type of love is often seen in tumultuous relationships, where the person is more focused on their own needs than on the well-being of the other person. Mania love is characterized by a sense of possessiveness, insecurity, and a fear of being alone.

Mania (obsessive love)

Did you know there are different types of love? An expert explains the Greek types of love. 

philosophy

Philosophy

loveandrelationships

Love & Relationships

The 8 different types of love explained

অন্ধকারে যে বাস করে মৃদু আলোতে তাহার চোখ ঝলসাইয়া যায়।

মেয়েমানুষের এরকম হয়, ওরকম হয়, সব রকম হয়, শুধু মনের মত হয় না।

কেহ বিশ্বাস করে, কেহ করে না। যে বিশ্বাস করে সেও সত্য-মিথ্যা যাচাই করে না, যে অবিশ্বাস করে সেও না। বিশ্বাস-অবিশ্বাসের প্রশ্নটা নির্ভর করে মানুষের খুশির উপর।

মনে পাপ থাকার এই একটা লক্ষণ। মনে হয়, সকলে বুঝি সব জানে।

মিথ্যার মহত্ত্ব আছে। হাজার হাজার মানুষকে পাগল করিয়া দিতে পারে মিথ্যার মোহ। চিরকালের জন্যে সত্য হইয়াও থাকিতে পারে মিথ্যা।

বয়স্ক উপযুক্ত সন্তানকে বশ করা, জগতে এতবড় জয় আর নাই।

বাড়ি ফিরিয়া শশী বুঝিতে পারে কল্পনার এমন কতগুলি স্তর আছে, বিশেষ কোন উপলক্ষ ছাড়া যেখানে উঠিবার ক্ষমতা মানুষের নাই। এক একটা ঘটোনা যেন চাবির মত মনের এক একটা দুয়ার খুলিয়া দেয়, যে দুয়ার ছিল বলিয়াও মানুষ জানিত না।

মিথ্যারও মহত্ত্ব আছে। হাজার হাজার মানুষকে পাগল করিয়া দিতে পারে মিথ্যার মোহ। চিরকালের জন্যে সত্য হইয়াও থাকিতে পারে মিথ্যা।

25 words originated from Classic Literature.

A Textbook of Thermal Engineering

The 8 different types of love explained

মানিক বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় উক্তি: মানিক বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের ৫০ টি বিখ্যাত উক্তি

Shaon Singha