Quantum mechanics doesn’t predict a single solid result when undergoing an observation. On the contrary, it predicts a number of different possible outcomes. Similarly, entropy is a measure of the number of possible arrangements the atoms in a system can have. And when trying to take both these into consideration, we land in the world of multiple possibilities — one of them being Anti-Universe .It was Paul Dirac who predicted that the electron has a partner — an antielectron or simply, a positron. Carl D. Anderson while analyzing cosmic rays, discovered the positron.

Anti Universe 

<ul><li>1932 — positrons or anti-electrons were discovered.</li><li>1955 — anti-protons discovered.</li><li>1995 — Scientists at CERN discovered even anti-atoms — these are the anti-matter counterpart of an atom. They don’t last much longer. These survived just for 40- billionths of a second before coming into contact with ordinary matter and annihilating.</li></ul>

Pages In History 

the following properties of the newly discovered positron:The mass equals the mass of the electron. The charge has the same magnitude as the electron’s charge but is positive instead of negative. The particle is always created in pairs with electrons. When this particle collides with an electron, both annihilate.

Anderson noticed

So,in a nutshell, the discovery of positron proved Dirac’s theory right.We know that every particle has an exact antiparticle too,with which it would finally annihilate.It is now known that all the so-called elementary particles have antimatter counterparts.As per, E=mc²,the collision between positron and electron,transforms their masses into energy. Matter and antimatter cannot coexist at close range for more than a small fraction of a second,so when coming into contact they collide and annihilate each other—giving off large amounts of energy in the form of gamma rays or elementary particles.

What Will Happen When Anti-particles And Particles Meet?

The concept is beautifully stated in Stephen Hawking’s, Our Brief History Of Time, where he says, “There could be whole antiworlds and antipeople made up of antiparticles. If you meet your antiself, don’t shake hands! You would both vanish in a great flash of light.”

It is evident that our universe barely contains any anti matter but we know( theoritically) that during the big bang matter formation had to be accompanied by anti-matter formation. (Also the reverse process is possible i.e when matter and anti matter annihilate energy is produced) . So there might arise a question in the back of your mind saying, ‘if matter and antimatter annihilate each other, then where does the present matter in the universe come from?’

Reverse IS Possible

The answer to this question is equally interesting. Scientists say that most of the particles created in the early universe were annihilated by anti-particles. But, some of these (one in a billion) particles had no matching anti-particles. So these particles survived to form the matter we observe in the present moment today, inside stars and galaxies.Even Schrödinger’s cat and quantum decoherence states that two state continue to exist separate and decoherent from each other, creating a new branch of reality based upon the two outcomes.

It’s the most important part of this article as the genesis of anti-universe theory has basis in it. We know our all the laws of physics took birth in symmetries. Physics has identified a set of fundamental symmetries in nature. Some scientists believe the symmetry properties exist in our physical reality because our physical reality is a mathematical structure.CPT symmetry has been recognized as the fundamental property of physical laws. There are three factors understood to be symmetrical throughout the universe — The three most important symmetries are: charge (if you flip

CPT symmetry

the charges of all the particles involved in interaction to their opposite charge, you’ll get the same interaction); parity (if you look at the mirror image of interaction, you get the same result); and time (if you run an interaction backward in time, it looks the same).At the particle level, the universe appears CPT symmetric. The general notion is that a physical system(made up of particles) will follow the same laws as an identical system made up of anti-particles like a mirror image of one another.

To preserve the CPT symmetry throughout the cosmos, there must be a mirror-image cosmos that just balances out our own. Not only this universe would have all opposite charges than we have, be flipped in the mirror, but anti-particles will run backward in time. Scientists predict that particles moving backward in time, must still behave in the same way and obey the same laws as they did before getting flipped. Our universe has a twin. Taken together, the two universes obey CPT symmetry.

....

First of all, let’s understand the neutrino as these forms the basis for understanding the anti-universe. We’ll learn how certain neutrinos’ discovery could provide evidence of the anti-universe theory.An atom is made up of electrons with a negative charge — these electrons are bound around the nucleus( the center of atom) — nucleus itself is made up of protons(having a positive charge) and neutrons(with no charge). Now protons and neutrons aren’t elementary particles. They're made up of smaller particles called quarks — up quark and down quark. In addition

Neutrino

to these, some stable ghostlike particles called electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tau neutrinos have been discovered — they don’t interact with ordinary matter. Neutrinos are high-energy particles that pass through most solid objects without anyone even getting noticed. Neutrinos constantly bombard Earth and studies point out that 100 trillion neutrinos pass through your body every second without posing any threat to us.As per their nature, they rarely interact with matter. But if they do smash into an atom, they produce a shower of secondary particles that

Neutrinos 

we can detect, which allows us to probe where they came from in the universe. (ANITA experiment detected these which we’ll cover later in the article.)There are three known neutrino: the electron-neutrino , muon-neutrino and tau-neutrino . It’s well known that the three of these neutrino flavors are left-handed (referring to the direction of its spin relative to its motion). All other particles known to physics have both left- and right-handed varieties, so physicists believe there might be additional right-handed neutrinos.

In 2020, Neil Turock of the Perimeter Institute in Canada says, ‘when our big bang expansion of a matter universe happened, at the same time it created a collapsing antimatter universe containing this unwanted antimatter to be bound up in a singularity and hidden from us.’ He further says the anti-universe would stretch back in time from the Big Bang, getting bigger as it does so, and would be dominated by antimatter as well as having its spatial properties inverted compared to those in our universe

Recent Discovery

Electric fields can create particle-anti-particle pairs out of the vacuum. So his theory is built on the idea that it’s possible to drag the universe out of nothing. The implication of this model is that there would be two sides to universe — matter as well as anti-matter. He further says that considering all the concepts in Physics, the model works perfectly fine, and even this model provides the simplest explanation of the dark matter.

Dark matter is the most mysterious thing in the entire universe in a way how it affects ordinary matter. CPT symmetry is the only theory that explains dark matter more than any other theory. Some scientists believe the presence of fourth type of neutrino(undetected) — often termed a sterile neutrino . The electron, muon, and tau neutrinos are all left-handed. The Standard Model assumes that, unlike other particles, neutrinos don’t have such partners. But the CPT-symmetric universe disagrees, indicating they should have those partners.

Explaining Dark matter

— These are also known by the name inert neutrinos. These are hypothetical particles that are believed to not interact via any other fundamental interaction of the standard model except gravity. These are the neutrinos considered right-handed . For a particle regarded as a dark matter candidate, there are certain conditions to be kept in mind — it must’ve non zero mass and no electromagnetic charge — so it makes neutrinos strong contenders.

To comply with the theory of dark matter, scientists believe there exists not just one type of sterile neutrino but three such types.In 2018, MiniBooNE experiment, reported a stronger neutrino oscillation signal — pointing towards the possibility of finding sterile neutrinos. But it couldn’t.

Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) experiment has been designed to study ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrinos by detecting the radio pulses emitted by their interactions with the Antarctic ice sheet. This is to be accomplished using an array of radio antennas suspended from a helium balloon flying approximately at a height of about 37,000 meters.Usually particles and photons interact at high energies with microwave background photons — making them unable to propagate. None of the known Standard Model particles should have been able to fly all the way through the

ANITA Experiment

Earth and burst out the other side at such high energies, but that’s what ANITA seemed to be detecting. These findings can’t be explained by our current understanding of physics. Some physicists believe ANITA might have detected the sterile neutrinos that are directly coming from the parallel universe that runs backwards in time. While there are other scientists who don’t believe in the presence of parallel universe running backwards in time.

T2K is a neutrino experiment designed to investigate how neutrinos change from one type or flavour to another as they travel (neutrino oscillations). An intense beam of muon neutrinos is generated at the J-PARC nuclear physics site on the East coast of Japan and directed across the country to the Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector(uses water to detect neutrinos and works upon the principle of cherenkov radiation — in layman terms, produces sort of shockwaves of light similar to sonic boom and we measure the light)in the mountains of western Japan.

T2K Experiment

The beam is measured — the change in the measured intensity and composition of the beam is used to provide information on the properties of neutrinos. Scientific concepts pass through three stages before they’re accepted as reality. The first stage involves being ignored — nobody take these theories seriously. The second stage involves extreme criticism — violent stage. The third stage is the most fruitful stage as involves the theory being tagged as reality — widely accepted, and given utmost respect. The anti universe theory is probably in the first or in the second stage.

It’ll take time and detection of unknown particles, the right handed neutrinos, especially the sterile neutrino to prove the theory right.

Quantum mechanics doesn’t predict a single solid result when undergoing an observation. On the contrary, it predicts a number of different possible outcomes. Similarly, entropy is a measure of the…

Quantum Veda

The Anti-Universe

The relationship between matter and space gave rise to many interesting phenomena. We know two basic properties of matter — matter resists change (that’s how its mass is defined — Mass of the matter is the property that allows matter to resist a change in motion), and matter always remains conserved . It simply means, matter can’t be created or destroyed, yet it can only change forms. The holographic principle is one way or the other, related to the second property of matter.Some scientists believe we might actually be living in a hologram.

Blackhole Information Paradox 

Even the laws of nature become easy to understand when applied to two-dimensions than in three-dimensions, they say. They’ve arrived at the conclusion after a series of mathematical calculations. Don’t worry! It’s just a theoretical concept, that could come out as a reality. Live your life as you’ve lived so long, in a three-dimensional world, without the limitations of a hologram.

The idea that our Universe might be a hologram came out of the conception of String Theory. Holographic principle — According to this principle , all the information, which makes up our 3D ‘reality’ (plus time) is contained in a 2D surface on its boundaries. The holographic principle says that everything that happens in a space can be explained in terms of information that’s somehow stored on the surface of that space. Before jumping on the Holographic principle, we’re going to understand the hologram so that the principle could be easily grasped.

Holographic Principle

A hologram is a three-dimensional image reproduced from a pattern of interference produced by a split coherent beam of radiation (such as a laser). A simple example of a hologram is a glittering hologram on your credit card.

What is a hologram? 

You might be thinking, “why we’re concentrating so much on this weird principle, right?” There are complex things that couldn’t be explained otherwise without predicting our universe and reality working as per the Holographic principle. For example, the problem of combining quantum mechanics, and Einstein’s theory of relativity is one of the hardest problems in physics. Quantum mechanics is a theory that describes things at a fine scale, like atoms or much finer. On the contrary, Einstein’s theory of relativity forms the basis to understand the gravity and the universe on a grand scale.

Why Holographic Principle?

We can’t combine both of these theories. Some scientists believe the only way to do so is through the Holographic Universe principle.At the beginning of this article, we discussed the two basic properties of matter, particularly the second one, that is to say, conservation of mass. Now we’re going to relate this property with the Holographic principle. Here we go…

In the 18th century, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier’s work provided physics with great insight into the matter. Lavoisier along with his wife, Marie Anne, experimented with matter and came to the conclusion that matter can’t be destroyed; it just changes from one form to another. The principle became famous as the principle of conservation of mass .So, in a nutshell, nothing is lost. I

Principle of Conservation of mass

In fact, even Quantum mechanics says, information never gets destroyed no matter what. It can change its form, but never gets completely lost. Blackhole — A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing — no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light — can escape from it. Anything with a mass can become a black hole, once the mass is compressed infinitesimally. Our Sun can also become a black hole once compressed to a size of three kilometers in radius.

Black Hole

Event horizon — it’s the boundary of the region of space-time from which nothing in our universe could escape, not even light. It acts as a one-way portal, around the black hole. Objects or matter can fall through the event horizon into the black hole, but it’s never the other way around, that is to say, nothing could ever come out of the event horizon. In simple words, the event horizon is the tip or edge of the river from where the water falls in a water fall plunge pool. If anything falls from this tip or edge, it’d go inside, forever without any possibility of return.

Event Horizon

American physicist John Wheeler published a theory in 1973, saying Black Holes are ‘hairless’. In simple terms, it means that there is no trace of any mass around the Black Hole and nothing can be retraced from within a black hole.

In the year 1981, the famous scientist Stephen Hawking predicted something unusual happening at the event horizon. He predicted that information is being torn apart or the information is being destroyed forever — called the Black hole Information Paradox — in turn, violating the laws of physics. Consider the black hole as an eternal eraser or a delete key on your keyboard — as their function is to get rid of information similar is the case of a black hole.(Note: Information here means the arrangement of particles, and details of the state in a definite way.

BHIP

The elementary particles that make up the information are same but their way or manner of binding together undergoes a change in comparison to their earlier state. )In a nutshell, the holographic principle is a try to prove that Hawking’s conclusion was incorrect, and that information is in fact preserved.

Three possibilities arise when we try to solve the black hole information paradox, and these possibilities are:<ul><li>The information is lost forever — then we’d need to reformulate our laws of physics </li><li>The information is hidden — the information passes through the black hole to the other side in another universe from a white hole(in case it exists) </li><li>The information is not lost forever and it’s safe </li></ul>Gerard t’ Hooft, Leonard Suskind, and Juan Maldacena tried to solve the information paradox. They tried to work upon the third possibility.

Possibilities for solving this paradox

They were successful in proving that information is not lost forever in a black hole, but is retained on the surface of the event horizon. This information stays on a two-dimensional surface of a black hole like a hologram. This in layman’s language is called the Holographic principle.

Scientists discovered that when quantum gravitational corrections are taken into account, matter collapsing into a black hole leaves an impression in the black hole’s gravitational field. Professor Xavier Calmet of the University of Sussex described this impression as “quantum hair” in an article published in the journal Physics Letters B.The researchers looked at the gravitational fields of two stars with similar total masses and radii but differing compositions.

Recent research on the black hole information paradox

The two stars have the same gravitational potential at the classical level, but the potential varies depending on the star’s composition at the quantum level. When stars collide to form black holes, their gravitational fields keep the memory of what they were comprised of.

The Fermilab Holometer is intended to be the world’s most sensitive laser interferometer, surpassing the sensitivity of even the GEO600 and LIGO systems, and theoretically able to detect holographic fluctuations in spacetime. Holometer has begun collecting data that will help determine whether the universe fits the holographic principle.There’s a point where our fundamental physics stops making any sense in terms of explaining reality. The objects, matter, even light starts behaving in an abnormal manner. Questions like “What are we?” “Where are we?” “Why are we?”

Holometer Experiment

starts to dominate even more at this point. Many physicists believe that the holographic principle will be one of the fundamental physical principles that will allow insights into a greater understanding of reality. Understanding the implications of Holographic Principle means understanding the profound aspects of our reality at the most fundamental level that is otherwise hidden….

The relationship between matter and space gave rise to many interesting phenomena. We know two basic properties of matter — matter resists change(that’s how its mass is defined — Mass of the matter…

Holographic Universe Principle

Music. Vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion. 68% of adults aged between 18 and 34 years old reported listening to music every day, and the majority of their older peers also enjoyed music with the same regularity. music is to feed our souls, but sometimes, short pieces of music can stuck in our ears or our heads, repeating itself over and over until you wish to tear your ears out. It’s Called an Earworm . But why? how do songs get stuck to your head, and more importantly… How do we get rid of them?

Let's Begin

Earworm, Sticky song syndrome, or most commonly Involuntary Musical Imagery (INMI). At best, it means that the song is catchy. At worst, it means replaying over and over until you get annoyed of that song. The word “Earworm” is a calque from the german word “Ohrwurm” which means the exact same thing.Over 90% of people are plagued by earworms once a week, and 23% experience them several times a day, most of them are either singers or music producers. Live music is more likely to stay in your head than recorded music, because it includes some visual elements that could help you remember the song

Earworm…???

again whenever you encounter these elements again.When we listen to a song, it triggers a part of the brain called The auditory cortex, which makes the listener automatically fills the rest of the song, and to have that song in their mind they had to scratch that part of the brain so the song repeats itself over and over, here… earworm occurs.Researcher Vicky Williamson says that our brains could also be triggered by experiences that trigger the memory of a song, it’s called the involuntary memory,

Why do we have Earworms?

such as seeing a word that reminds one of the song, hearing a few notes from the song, or feeling an emotion one associates with the song, all these may lead you to remember the song but in a way that shocks our brains so it gets stuck in our heads for a period of time.

Musicologist Dr. Alison Pawley and psychologist Dr. Daniel Mullensiefen out at the University of London have done researches on what makes a song catchy, their conclusion was that there are four traits that make a song catchy:<ol><li>Longer and detailed musical phrases . The breath a vocalist takes as they sing a line is crucial to creating a sing-along-able tune. The longer a vocal in one breath, the more likely we are to sing along.</li><li>A Higher number of pitches in the chorus hook . The more sounds there are, the more infectious a song becomes. </li></ol>

A Catchy song

Combining longer musical phrases and a hook over three different pitches was found to be key to sing-along success.4. Male vocalists . Singing along to a song may be a subconscious war cry, tapping into an inherent tribal part of our consciousness. Psychologically we look to men to lead us into battle, so it could be in our intuitive nature to follow male-fronted songs. 5. Higher male voices with noticeable vocal effort . This indicates high energy and purpose, particularly when combined with a smaller vocal range (Freddie Mercury of Queen and Jon Bon Jovi).

Sometimes, earworms can be annoying, not the song but that non stopping repetition. Well… earworms usually disappear by itself, but a few techniques have been found to help.<ol><li>Listen to the whole song. Since earworms are usually only a fragment of music, playing all the song would stop the process of auto-completing the song and therefore getting rid of the earworm</li><li>Replace it with another piece of music. I know this isn’t an efficient solution, you just replaced an earworm by another, but at least it’s a new tune XD. </li></ol>

How to get rid of earworms?

3. Chew gum! Chewing gum activates the motor cortex , which is used when you imagine music, almost as if you are imagining what it feels like to sing the song out loud. Chewing gum interferes with this process.4. Play puzzles (Sudoku, Chess, Anagrams…), Scientists found that engaging memory in difficult work is an effective way of stopping earworms and reducing their recurrence.

Music. Vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion. 68% of adults aged between 18 and 34 years old reported…

Hnmm

Why is that song stuck in my head?

A world lived by atoms was constructed using quantum mechanics. In condensed matter physics , crystal mediums are represented as lattice models in the presence of magnetic and electric fields (or both) . In this model, when the set of equations (Harper’s Equation) describes the motion of the individual (non-interacting) electron is solved under particular boundary conditions and if the graph of external magnetic field corresponding to the solutions (energy) is plotted, we see the butterfly fractal pattern (Hofstadter Butterfly) which is quite interesting.

We will look at how discovered the Hoftstadter Butterfly fractal pattern in quantum physics.

, we will examine the Hall Effect , which is the initial discovery of the main problem (the motion of the electron in a crystal medium) and the Hofstadter Butterfly , which is the solution of the same effect in the subatomic world.

A one of the most interesting phenomena (Hall voltage) in physics was first observed by Edwin Hall in 1879. Let’s imagine that we have a horizontal conductive plate(Hall element)and with the help of any power source we supply current to the plate in a particular direction. So we will have electrons carrying current along a straight line on the plate.Now,apply external magnetic field perpendicular to the plate.Since the magnetic field exerts a magnetic force(Lorentz force) on a charged particle,the moving electrons and the protons will move towards the edges of the plate in opposite directions.

1. HALL EFFECT

Potential difference is required for the existence of voltage in a particular direction. In our experiment, electrons and protons stacked on opposite sides to create a potential difference perpendicular to the current. This voltage is called the Hall voltage . Also, this phenomena is called the classical Hall effect.

The version of the Hall effect in the subatomic world is called the quantum Hall effect. We should expect to observe the classic Hall effect at low magnetic field, room temperature and at very high magnetic fields (about 10 Tesla) , very low temperatures (about 100 Kelvin) expect to observe the quantum Hall effect. The main difficult problem, which is the main theme of the article, is rather than explaining the classical Hall effect to be able to explain what happens to an electron that can move forward withoutscattering in the presence of a magnetic field.

2. QUANTUM HALL EFFECT

In quantum mechanics, classically forbidden phenomena are likely to occur. For any particle to pass over a potential barrier , it needs energy . If the energy of a particle is lower than the potential barrier , the particle is trapped there. In other words, it is not possible for the particle to pass over the barrier in the classical sense. But quantum mechanics says that even in such a case there is a possibility that the particle is outside the potential barrier . We’re talking about a kind of particle teleportation .

2.1. QUANTUM TUNELLING

The main reason why we don’t think of teleportation as a spontaneous natural event is that it never happens in daily life (by the laws of classical mechanics). Because the wavelength of the wave (or particle) much less than the width of the barrier . This also decreases the probability . That’s why you can never teleport to the other side of the wall, even if you wait your whole life with your hand on the wall.

In the quantum mechanics, every particle is also a wave . As we know from daily life, light waves (photon particles) scatter as they pass through raindrops and formed a rainbow. We assume that an electron does not undergo such scattering due to its movement in the crystal lattice medium. Our other most remarkable assumption is the tight-binding approach. According to this approach, electrons can only tunnelling into the nearest neighboring atomic orbitals. Thus, we make our work easier by ignoring interactions with distant neighbors.

What do we mean by scatter ?

Multidimensional lattice, a mathematical structure for molecules, was modeled in condensed matter physics (solid state physics) which is a sub-area of physics to solve the problem. In this model, we can imagine the lattice (can be of any geometry) with atoms in point form at each corner.

2.2. HARPER EQUATION

In the context of this model, the mathematical equation describing the motion of a single electron living on a two-dimensional square lattice is called the Harper equation . It was studied by Rudolf Peierls andR. G. Harper in the 1950s. There is something that makes the equation very special: the alpha values included in the equation. The striking results of the difference in the number sets (rational or irrational) to which alpha belongs… By definition, the alpha value is the ratio of the quantum flux (a definition in the literature) to the magnetic flux passing through each plate.

Since the ratio will still give the magnetic field unit, the alpha value is the external magnetic field itself. The results will differ depending on whether the value of the external magnetic field is rational or irrational . Here, the flux can be thought of as magnetic field lines pass through a unit surface and the magnetic flux is proportional to the magnetic field lines passing through the surface.

All that remains in solving the problem is to solve the finite set of Harper equations using numerical solution (computational) techniques. In other words determining the energy values in each of the equations in this finite set. It was solved byDougles R. Hofstadter in 1976.Now that we have the solutions, let’s look at their dependence on external magnetic field (alpha values) . Let’s consider alpha values a rational number. In other words, the magnetic field that we apply to the system should only be in rational values. In this case, if the energy solutions corresponding to each alpha values

2.3. SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM

(energy as a function of alpha) are plotted, we will see the Hofstadter Butterfly , which similar to butterfly wings.Note that the graph is symmetrical with respect to the zero of the energy and alpha = 1/2 value. The symmetry presents us an image similar to the patterns on the wings of a butterfly in nature. Additionally, the larger the set of equations being studied, the butterfly pattern (solutions) will become sharper .As can be seen from the graphs above, the most important reason why Harper’s equation is to be worked only numerically is that it contains too many points (solutions)

and naturally too many equations.Let’s take a closer look to see one of the beautiful details of theHofstadter Butterfly . You can clearly see the band separations in the left graph above. It is the number in the denominator of the alpha value that determines how many times the bands will be split . If alpha = 1/3 , we see decompositions into three , and if alpha=9/11 , we see decomposition into eleven and so on... Band corners joins at alpha=1/2 and energy=0 solution, thus we saw single band .

Let’s take a closer look to see one of the beautiful details of 

In other words, let’s choose the external magnetic field we apply not rational , but only irrational . What can change, you might say. After all, there is only 0.5 difference between alpha=1/2 and alpha=1 . But that is not the case. The very interesting thing is that the butterfly only occurs for rational alpha values! If we plot the solutions of Harper’s equation corresponding to the irrational values of alpha ; we get nothing more than horizontal arrays of dots !

If we look at the graph below, we see visually sense pointless results for irrational alpha values . But, as we saw in the previous graph,Hofstadter Butterflies lives in the white regions (range of rational values) of the graph below.

...i

Just as different types of butterflies exist in nature, the Hofstadter Butterfly is not unique in physics. Naturally, fractal patterns will be different in systems that exhibit different behaviors under different types of features. Above, we only talked about two-dimensional square lattice model solutions. For example, if we analyzed hexagonal (honeycomb) or triangular lattice structures using similar numerical methods under a magnetic field, we would get different graphs. Just like bent, twisted and modified versions of the Hofstadter Butterfly.

2.4. ALTERNATIVE BUTTERFLIES

We will look at how discovered the Hofstadter Butterfly fractal pattern is discovered in the quantum physics.

A BUTTERFLY IN THE QUANTUM WORLD

Maharshi Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian from Pushkalavati, Gandhara, in modern day Charsadda District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (fl. 6th century BC).Panini is known for his Sanskrit grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics in the grammar known as Ashtadhyayi (अष्टाध्यायी Ashtadhyayi, meaning "eight chapters"), the foundational text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines of Vedic religion.

12. Maharshi Panini

is one of the earliest known grammars of Sanskrit, although Pāṇini refers to previous texts like the Unadisutra, Dhatupatha, and Ganapatha. It is the earliest known work on descriptive linguistics, and together with the work of his immediate predecessors (Nirukta, Nighantu, Pratishakyas) stands at the beginning of the history of linguistics itself. His theory of morphological analysis was more advanced than any equivalent Western theory before the mid 20th century, and his analysis of noun compounds still forms the basis of modern linguistic theories of compounding,

which have borrowed Sanskrit terms such as bahuvrihi and dvandva.Panini's comprehensive and scientific theory of grammar is conventionally taken to mark the end of the period of Vedic Sanskrit, so by definition introducing Classical Sanskrit.

though it is generally agreed that he knew of a form of writing, based on references to words such as "script" and "scribe" in his Ashtadhyayi. These must have referred to Aramaic or early Kharosthi writing. It is believed by some that a work of such complexity would have been difficult to compile without written notes, though others have argued that he might have composed it with the help of a group of students whose memories served him as 'notepads' (as is typical in Vedic learning).

Writing first reappears in India in the form of the Brahmi script from c. the 3rd century BC in the Ashokan inscriptions.While Panini's work is purely grammatical and lexicographic, cultural and geographical inferences can be drawn from the vocabulary he uses in examples, and from his references to fellow grammarians, which show he was a northwestern person. New deities referred to in his work include Vasudeva (4.3.98). The concept of dharma is attested in his example sentence (4.4.41) dharmam carati "he observes the law" (cf. Taittiriya Upanishad 1.11).

Works

Nothing certain is known about Panini's personal life. According to later traditions, his mother's name was Daksi and his maternal uncle's name was Vyadi. Some scholars suggest that his brother's name was Pingala. Still less is known about his father, whose name may have been Paṇi, but most scholars reject this suggestion. More than a thousand years after the fact, the Panchatantra mentions that the Grammarian Panini was killed by a lion.

Life

The Ashtadhyayi is the central part of Panini's grammar, and by far the most complex. It is the earliest complete grammar of Classical Sanskrit, and in fact is of a brevity and completeness unmatched in any ancient grammar of any language. It takes material from the lexical lists (Dhatupatha, Ganapatha) as input and describes algorithms to be applied to them for the generation of well-formed words. It is highly systematised and technical. Inherent in its approach are the concepts of the phoneme, the morpheme and the root. His rules have a reputation for perfection -

Ashtadhyayi

that is, they are claimed to describe Sanskrit morphology fully, without any redundancy. A consequence of his grammar's focus on brevity is its highly unintuitive structure, reminiscent of modern notations such as the "Backus–Naur Form". His sophisticated logical rules and technique have been widely influential in ancient and modern linguistics.It is likely that Panini's grammar and the Rg Veda are the only texts that were passed from one generation to another without being amended. In the Ashtadhyayi language is observed in a manner that has no parallel among Greek or Latin grammarians.

Panini's grammar marks the entry of the non-sacred into Indian thought, and according to Renou and Filliozat, it then defines the linguistic expression of that thought.The great thinkers of ancient India were primarily linguists. It is not possible to understand fully the works of theologians/philosophers such as Shankara, Ramanuja and Madhva without a knowledge of Panini.The Ashtadhyayi is fundamental to the structure of their thinking. It is not a didactic grammar, as it presupposes a knowledge of Sanskrit.

Ashtadhyayi is fundamental to the structure of their thinking

Gradually,mainly after the X century, manuals were produced that reorganised the Ashtadhyayi for didactic purposes. These generally had simpler structures and were less ambitious than their Ashtadhyayi source.Panini made use of a technical metalanguage consisting of a syntax, morphology and lexicon. This metalanguage is organised according to a series of meta-rules, some of which are explicitly stated while others can be deduced. The fundamental principles on which the metalanguage is based are non-redundancy,or the principle of economy,and the necessity of all the rules in the Ashtadhyayi.

The Ashtadhyayi consists of 3,959 sutras (Sutrani) or rules, distributed among eight chapters, which are each subdivided into four sections or padas (padah).From example words in the text, and from a few rules depending on the context of the discourse, additional information as to the geographical, cultural and historical context of Panini can be discerned.You can find some of the Rules in the link attached above with article.

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Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi has three associated texts.The Shiva Sutras are a brief but highly organized list of phonemes. The Dhatupatha is a lexical list of verbal roots sorted by present class.The Ganapatha is a lexical list of nominal stems grouped by common properties.

Auxiliary texts

The Shiva Sutras describe a phonemic notational system in the fourteen initial lines preceding the Ashtadhyayi. The notational system introduces different clusters of phonemes that serve special roles in the morphology of Sanskrit, and are referred to throughout the text. Each cluster, called a pratyāhara ends with a dummy sound called an anubandha (the so calledIT index), which acts as a symbolic referent for the list. Within the main text, these clusters, referred through the anubandhas, are related to various grammatical functions.

Shiva Sutras

The Dhatupatha is a lexicon of Sanskrit verbal roots subservient to the Ashtadhyayi. It is organized by the ten present classes of Sanskrit, i.e. the roots are grouped by the form of their stem in the present tense.The ten present classes of Sanskrit are:    1. bhū-ādayaḥ (root-full grade thematic presents)    2. ad-ādayaḥ (root presents)    3. ju-ho-ti-ādayaḥ (reduplicated presents)    4. div-ādayaḥ (ya thematic presents)    5. su-ādayaḥ (nu presents)    6. tud-ādayaḥ (root-zero grade thematic presents)    7. rudh-ādayaḥ (n-infix presents)    8. tan-ādayaḥ (no presents)

Dhatupatha

9. krī-ādayaḥ (ni presents) 10. cur-ādayaḥ (aya presents, causatives)Most of these classes are directly inherited from Proto-Indo-European. The small number of class 8 verbs are a secondary group derived from class 5 roots, and class 10 is a special case, in that any verb can form class 10 presents, then assuming causative meaning. The roots specifically listed as belonging to class 10 are those for which any other form has fallen out of use (causative deponents, so to speak).

The Ganapatha (gaṇapāṭha) is a list of groups of primitive nominal stems used by the Ashtadhyayi.After Pāṇini, the Mahābhāṣya ("great commentary") of Patañjali on the Ashtadhyayi is one of the three most famous works in Sanskrit grammar. It was with Patañjali that Indian linguistic science reached its definite form. The system thus established is extremely detailed as to shiksha (phonology, including accent) and vyakaran(morphology). Syntax is scarcely touched,but nirukta (etymology) is discussed, and these etymologies naturally lead to semantic explanations.

Ganapatha And Commentary 

The learning of Indian curriculum in late classical times had at its heart a system of grammatical study and linguistic analysis. The core text for this study was the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, the sine qua non of learning. This grammar of Pāṇini had been the object of intense study for the ten centuries prior to the composition of the Bhaṭṭikāvya. It was plainly Bhaṭṭi’s purpose to provide a study aid to Pāṇini’s text by using the examples already provided in the existing grammatical commentaries in the context of the gripping and morally improving story of the Rāmāyaṇa.

Bhaṭṭikāvya

To the dry bones of this grammar Bhaṭṭi has given juicy flesh in his poem. The intention of the author was to teach this advanced science through a relatively easy and pleasant medium. In his own words:This composition is like a lamp to those who perceive the meaning of words and like a hand mirror for a blind man to those without grammar. This poem, which is to be understood by means of a commentary, is a joy to those sufficiently learned: through my fondness for the scholar I have here slighted the dullard.Bhaṭṭikāvya 22.33–34.

General purpose high-level programming language such as C++ or Python. This includes object-oriented concepts of classes, parent/child inheritance or base/derived classes, overriding of inherited methods in derived classes, concept of functions, concept of keywords, etc. Of course, algorithmic derivation of results is a given.The defining feature of Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī sūtras is the use of its own special meta-language to describe the rules of the real language i.e. Sanskrit. Let that thought sink in — a language being defined using a meta-language constructed from the same language!

Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī grammar has all the features of a modern 

 Detailed Information about Maharshi Panini With Photo Available at myguru.in

Jai Hind

Maharshi Panini Father of Linguistics 

Hinduism is not a religion but a way of life because life, worship and religious duties are inseparable in Hinduism. A devout Hindu lives upon earth religiously, feeling the presence of God in every aspect of his life, and worshipping Him uninterruptedly in the sacrifice called life. It is difficult to say where his worship begins or ends in his daily life.Hinduism is not considered a religion, because it does not fit into the common definition of a religion. It does not have a founder, nor does it have a particular scripture or sacred text which is universally followed by all Hindus.

Hinduism Isn't a "Ism"

It is traditionally known as Dharma, which is considered eternal (Sanatana) because God is its source and support, which he reveals through Brahma, the creator God at the beginning of creation for the order and regularity of the world.The eternal religion of God is practiced not only by humans but also by gods, demons and other celestial beings. Even Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva practice it and exemplify it through their words and deeds. Hinduism has no founder, because God is its founder, preacher and teacher. He is also its upholder and savior.

Sanatana Dharma 

Whenever Dharma declines, he personally incarnates to restore it, or manifests partially in some forms to revive it. Hidden within the layers of Hinduism is an eternal wisdom, whose source is God himself.Since the duties of God define human life upon earth and determine his fate and destiny and since they are inseparable from it, Hinduism or Hindu Dharma is more appropriately called a way of life. Hindu scriptures make it abundantly clear that when a person lives for himself he incurs sin, whereas when he lives for God or in the service of God he attains liberation.

A Way Of Life

e life of a human being upon earth is not for his enjoyment but for service to God. When people engage in selfish actions they accumulate evil and remain bound to the cycle of births and deaths, whereas when they offer the fruit of their actions to God they remain pure and become free.

In other words,

Thus, Dharma or Godly duty is deeply interwoven into the life of a Hindu the way nerves are interwoven into the organs of the body. In Hinduism, it is difficult to separate a person from his Dharma. It is also difficult to say where life ends and where religious practice begins, or vice versa. The practice of Hinduism is not confined to the performance of sacrificial rituals, observation of Sacraments (Samskaras), ritual or domestic worship, going to temples and pilgrim places, uttering mantras or praying, but to the whole life.

Justification why for a devotee of God Hinduism is a way of life

It begins from the time one wakes up and continues even in deep sleep where one is said to remain in a state of self-absorption. Dharma, which is the collection of divine duties, is at the center of human life, and life is the means to practice it and manifest it in the being and in the world.In the following discussion, we will examine the reasons or the justification why Hinduism is a way of life rather than a mere body of rituals, religious observances and doctrines, and why Dharma is central to its tenets. In doing so, we must acknowledge the diversity of the people who practice Hinduism.

In truth, Hinduism is a way of life only for a few who are pure, committed to their faith and deeply integrate its tenets into their lives. For the rest, it is mostly a concept, an ideal or a mere talking point.. The Isa Upanishad begins with the declaration that all this is inhabited by God, and everything belongs to him.

Purity Is Surity

What it means is that you cannot claim ownership of anything in this world because you do not own anything. Nothing belongs to you. You are a mere guest in the universe of God, and you can only enjoy your life in his name. You live in God, supported by God, nourished by God and protected by God. Hence, a devout Hindu forsakes all worldly possessions and lives in constant reverence to God as the provider and the sustainer. He lives with restraint, expressing his gratitude as a way of life for all that he enjoys or derives from God.

1. God is the true owner of all things. Therefore, one must live in gratitude.

According to the Vedas the world is made up of God only. It is part of his body, which has been sacrificed by Him for creation. He is hidden in all and pervades everything. A devout Hindu knows that since he is pervaded and enveloped by God he lives in His constant presence, and he is never separate from Him both from within and without. He sees Him everywhere and in everything. Therefore, he worships Him numerously in numerous forms as a way of life, seeing Him in everything and treating alike all as His forms, aspects or manifestations.

2. The world is a sacred place filled with the presence of God. One must see him everywhere and in all things.

Both the Upanishads and the Bhagavadgita affirm that all actions arise from God only.We merely share his duties and responsibilities and cannot claim the doership,or the outcome of any action.Knowing it, a devout Hindu does not take credit for his successes or failures.He performs his duties without desires and expectations,renouncing doership and offering the fruit of his actions to God only.Further, he knows that he is his best friend when he lives responsibly and his worst enemy when he indulges in evil.Hence,he constantly remembers God as he performs his obligatory duties as an offering a

3. All actions arise from God, the real doer. Hence, all actions must be offered to God, taking no credit for their outcomes.

For a devout Hindu life is a sacrifice, in which he is the sacrificer as well as the sacrificed, and God is the final recipient of the sacrifice. Therefore, he lives with detachment, offering his every breath, thought and action in the service of God and dedicating himself to His cause. In the sacrifice of life, he offers his mind and body for the order and regularity of the world, taking no credit for himself and holding on to nothing.

4. Life is a continuous sacrifice, in which one becomes an offering (bhakta) in the service of God.

Whether he lives as a householder seeking the four aims of human life, or as a renunciant pursuing his liberation, he conducts himself with this sacrificial attitude as a way of life, with his mind fixed on God.

Our scriptures clearly suggest that you are neither the mind nor the body, but an eternal, indestructible, transcendental Self. A devout Hindu knows that God lives in him as the lord of his body, as much as He lives outside as the lord of the universe. Therefore, he cultivates detachment towards his name and form and remains centered in his spiritual identity, with his mind stabilized in it. He also strives to keep himself pure, living righteously and renouncing worldly pleasures,

5. You are an eternal Self. Therefore, you should live responsibly, without losing sight of your spiritual identity and higher purpose.

knowing that his body is the city or the temple of nine gates where God resides and which he cannot defile with evil thoughts. Hence, spiritual awareness of the Self becomes a way of life for him.

Hinduism acknowledges that all beings are equal, despite the diversity in their names and forms. They all possess the Self, which is eternal, indestructible and immutable, and which transmigrates from one body to another during rebirth as it is bound to the cycle of births and deaths. Thus, for a devout Hindu the world is God’s playground, in which He appears as many. Since he sees Him in others when he interacts with them, he is undistracted or untroubled by their presence or their diversity. Instead it helps him stabilize his mind in the thoughts of God and remain in His constant presence.

6. All living beings embody souls. The same Self is hidden in all. Hence, one should always see the Self in all and respect all forms of life.

Whether he goes to a temple or stays at home or engages in worldly actions, he is never separate from God and never forsakes his reverential attitude. For him, worship becomes a way of life.

People, who lack discretion, engage in desire-ridden actions, which produce karma and lead to their bondage,ignorance and delusion. Karma is not resolved until its causes are fully understood and arrested.The idea of performing actions without desires for their fruit and offering them to God as a sacrifice, this is the essence of karma sanyasa yoga. Action means any mental, physical, voluntary or involuntary action, including those which are performed by the organs in the body.Since one cannot live without performing actions even for a moment, karma yoga becomes a continuous practice.

7. Karma arises from desire ridden actions which in turn leads to bondage. Therefore, one should constantly be on guard and live responsibly.

Human life is precious and a unique opportunity to work for liberation. Only after innumerable births does a person achieve the noble birth of awakened soul in a pious family and finds favorable conditions to work for his liberation, having realized that he has suffered enough in the mortal world and needs to find a permanent release. Therefore, he assiduously works for his self-transformation and engages in selfless actions, studying the scriptures, engaging in religious discussions, austerities, rules and restraints, the practice of meditation, contemplation and self-absorption. And way of

8. You are a bound soul and not free. Hence, you should continuously strive for liberation and take no chances.

Dharma is central to Hinduism. Living for the sake of Dharma is also the essence of Hinduism. Dharma in its highest sense means a set of duties which are derived from God and which God himself performs as part of his eternal duties as the creator, sustainer and destroyer, which why Hinduism is known as the eternal religion or Sanatana Dharma. Some of his duties are meant to be performed by humans also upon earth as part of their obligation and as a service to him.

9. The purpose of human life is to express Divine Will and uphold the eternal Dharma (Sanatana Dharma) of God upon earth at all times.

Performing those duties and manifesting the divine will in the mortal world are inseparable from human life. It is their highest purpose. Hence, for a devout Hindu upholding Dharma is a way of life and the means to liberation.

One is never separate from God, and therefore one is never separate from the ideals and qualities which God represents. For the humans who seek liberation, God is the role model. He sets the standards and the framework so that they can follow his example and stay free from sin and karma. An incarnation of God also serves the same purpose. Each incarnation sets an example for humans to learn from him and emulate him in their personal lives, as the divine souls who repeatedly incarnate in their microcosms from birth to birth.

10. Expressing your devotion to God by doing his duties upon earth as your own, without desires and expectations, this is the end of all the yogas.

Thus, for a devout Hindu devotion to God and contemplation of upon his virtues, qualities and manifestations become a way of life on the path to devotion.Through its insistence upon selfless Duty (Dharma), Hinduism suggests a way of life to facilitate the purification and liberation of the embodied souls (jivas), who are caught in delusion and ignorance. Belief in God, belief in soul, belief in karma, belief in the possibility of liberation through devotional worship and the practice of yoga are deeply ingrained in the minds of Hindus.

They help them to cleanse their minds and bodies and express the highest and the best which is hidden in them. Although the mortal world is subject to dualities, delusion and other impurities, human life is not insignificant, but an opportunity to express the will of God through selfless action, purity and devotion. One is expected to live upon earth, making them as his or her guiding principles.

And For Me God is none other than you. The different and Vibrant Weapons of Different Gods mean The Different Vibrant Potential in within You. Everyone is Different in His way But his End Actions ( Offerings )should only be for Truth The Real Truth.We all Are One And Simultaneously Different.

What I SAY:

This essay lists ten reasons why Hinduism is considered a way of life rather than a religion.

Ten Reasons Why Hinduism is a Way of Life

He was a great mathematician and astronomer. Brahamgupta considered himself to be an astrologer, maybe because his father Jisnugupta was an astrologer but today, he is mostly remembered for his significant works in the field of mathematics. He was born in 598 CE in Bhinmal, a city in Rajasthan. He spent a major part of his life in Rajasthan. Ujjain was the centre of Indian mathematical astronomy in ancient times and Brahamgupta was the director of this centre. While he was in Ujjain, he wrote many books on mathematics and astronomy.

13. Brahmagupta Acharya 

‘Durkeamynarda’ (672), ‘Khandakhadyaka’ (665), ‘Brahmasphutasiddhanta’ (628) and ‘Cadamakela’ (624). The ‘Brahmasphutasiddhanta’ meaning the ‘Doctrine of Brahamagupta’ is one of his well-known works. The ‘Brahmasphutasiddhanta’ consists of 25 chapters. In the first 10 chapters, topics covered are, mean longitudes of the planets, true longitudes of the planets, the three problems of diurnal rotation, lunar eclipses, solar eclipses, risings and settings, the moon’s crescent, the moon’s shadow, conjunctions of the planets with each other,

These include

and conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars. The rest of the 15 chapters are focused more on mathematical concepts. One of his fellow mathematicians gave him the title of ‘Ganita Chakra Chudamani’ which when translated meant, ‘The gem of the circle of mathematicians’. It is believed, that he died in Ujjain, in 668 CE. His contributions to mathematics are mentioned below.

According to him,zero is a number that is obtained, when a number is subtracted from itself. He also mentioned some properties of zero, where positive numbers are termed as fortunes and negative numbers are termed as debt.<ul><li>When zero is added to a number or subtracted from a number, the number remains unchanged; and a number multiplied by zero becomes zero.</li><li>A debt minus zero is a debt.</li><li>A fortune minus zero is a fortune.</li><li>Zero minus zero is a zero.</li><li>A debt subtracted from zero is a fortune.</li><li>A fortune subtracted from zero is a debt.</li><li>The product of zero multiplied by a debt or fortune is zero.</li></ul>

1.Properties Of Zero

<ul><li>The product of zero multiplied by zero is zero.</li><li>The product or quotient of two fortunes is one fortune.</li><li>The product or quotient of two debts is one fortune.</li><li>The product or quotient of a debt and a fortune is a debt.</li><li>The product or quotient of a fortune and a debt is a debt.</li><li>His some conclusions on the division by zero. </li></ul>"Positive or negative numbers when divided by zero is a fraction with zero as denominator. Zero divided by negative or positive numbers is either zero or is expressed as a fraction with zero as numerator and the finite quantity as denominator. Zero divided by zero is zero.”

He proposed a method of multiplication, “gomutrika”, in his book “Brahmasphutasiddhanta”. The title of this method was translated by Ifrah as, “Like the trajectory of cow’s urine”. In the 12th chapter of his book, he also tried to explain the rules of simplifying five types of combinations of fractions:-ac + bc; ac × bd; a1 + bd; ac + bd × ac = a(d + b)cd; and ac − bd × ac = a(d − b)cd. Let us try to multiply 315 by 306 with the help of the gomutrika method in the Link Attached above.

Bite-sized knowledge
to upgrade
your career

अर्हम् Arham
@vedarham29

The Anti-Universe

Holographic Universe Principle

Why is that song stuck in my head?

A BUTTERFLY IN THE QUANTUM WORLD

Maharshi Panini Father of Linguistics

Bite-sized knowledgeto upgradeyour career

अर्हम् Arham@vedarham29

The Anti-Universe

Holographic Universe Principle

Why is that song stuck in my head?

A BUTTERFLY IN THE QUANTUM WORLD

Maharshi Panini Father of Linguistics

Bite-sized knowledge
to upgrade
your career

अर्हम् Arham
@vedarham29