Argues that the mind is an independently existing substance - the mental does not have extension in space, and the material cannot think. This is the type of Dualism most famously defended by Descartes, and it is compatible with most theologies which claim that immortal souls occupy an independent "realm" of existence distinct from that of the physical world.

Substance Dualism (or Cartesian Dualism)

sserts that mental events are causally inert (i.e. have no physical consequences). Physical events can cause other physical events, and physical events can cause mental events, but mental events cannot cause anything, since they are just causally inert by-products of physical events which occur in the brain (i.e. epiphenomena) of the physical world. This doctrine was first formulated by Thomas Henry Huxley in the 19th Century, although based on Thomas Hobbes' much earlier Materialism theories.

Epiphenomenalism

Argues that more than one predicate (how we describe the subject of a proposition) is required to make sense of the world, and that the psychological experiences we go through cannot be redescribed in terms of (or reduced to) physical predicates of natural languages.

Predicate Dualism

Understand yourself and those around you.

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Psychology

philosophy

Philosophy

books

Books

artificialintelligence

Artificial Intelligence

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

3 Dualist schools of thought

Knowledge is the awareness and understanding of particular aspects of reality. It is the clear, lucid information gained through the process of reason applied to reality. The traditional approach is that knowledge requires three necessary and sufficient conditions, so that knowledge can then be defined as "justified true belief".

Knowledge

The property of sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what is the case.false propositions cannot be known - for something to count as knowledge, it must actually be true. As Aristotle famously (but rather confusingly) expressed it: "To say of something which is that it is not, or to say of something which is not that it is, is false. However, to say of something which is that it is, or of something which is not that it is not, is true."

Truth

A subjective attitude that a proposition is true or a state of affairs is the case. One cannot know something that one doesn't even believe in, the statement "I know x, but I don't believe that x is true" is contradictory.

Beliefs

is the right standing of a person’s beliefs with respect to knowledge, though there is some disagreement about what that means precisely. Some argue that right standing refers to whether the beliefs are more likely to be true. Others argue that it refers to whether they are more likely to be knowledge. Still others argue that it refers to whether those beliefs were formed or are held in a responsible or virtuous manner.

Justification

strategy

Strategy

artsandculture

Society, Arts & Culture

What is Knowledge

The term "hedonism" is derived from the Greek "hedone" meaning simply "pleasure". In common language, Hedonism has come to mean devotion to pleasure as a way of life, especially to the pleasures of the senses, and is synonymous with sensualism, libertinism, debauchery and dissipation.

Term

Hedonism is the philosophy that pleasure is the most important pursuit of mankind, and the only thing that is good for an individual. Hedonists, therefore, strive to maximize their total pleasure (the net of any pleasure less any pain or suffering). They believe that pleasure is the only good in life, and pain is the only evil, and our life's goal should be to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

Psychological Hedonism is the view that humans are psychologically constructed in such a way that we exclusively desire pleasure. Ethical Hedonism, on the other hand, is the view that our fundamental moral obligation is to maximize pleasure or happiness. It is the normative claim that we should always act so as to produce our own pleasure.

The Paradox of Hedonism (also called the Pleasure Paradox), points out that pleasure and happiness are strange phenomena that do not obey normal principles, in that they cannot be acquired directly, only indirectly and we often fail to attain pleasures if we deliberately seek them.

The Paradox

Hedonism usually pre-supposes an individualist stance, and is associated with Egoism (the claim that individuals should always seek their own good in all things). Epicureanism is a more moderate approach (which still seeks to maximize happiness, but which defines happiness more as a state of tranquillity than pleasure). A similar but more altruistic approach results in Utilitarianism, the position that the moral worth of any action is determined by its contribution to overall utility in maximizing happiness or pleasure as summed among all people.

Stance

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History

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Personal Development

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Politics

HEDONISM

Atomism is a Pre-Socratic school of thought from ancient Greece, established in the late 5th Century B.C. by Leucippus of Miletus (5th Century B.C.) and his more famous student, Democritus. It teaches that the hidden substance in all physical objects consists of different arrangements of atoms and void

Atomism

No writings by the movement's founder, Leucippus, have survived, and we have just a few fragments of the writings of Democritus in secondhand reports, sometimes unreliable or conflicting. Much of the best evidence is that reported by Aristotle in his criticisms of Atomism, which he regarded as an important rival current in natural philosophy.

Writings

philosopher Lucretius (c. 99 - 55 B.C.) whose "On the Nature of Things" was one of the definitive works of Epicureanism, but also of Atomism. It argues that the universe and all substance is eternal, composed of atoms moving in an infinite void and nothing else, and that the human soul also consists of minute atoms that dissipate into smoke when a person dies.

Of Democritus' and Epicurus' followers

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) and Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642), who himself converted to Atomism when he found that his corpuscular theory of matter and his experiments with falling bodies and inclined planes contradicted the mainstream Aristotelian theories. The English philosophers Sir Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes were both confirmed Atomists for a time, as was Giordano Bruno (1548 - 1600) in Italy.

Famous Atomist (Scientist And Philosopher

The main figures in the rebirth of Atomism were the French philosophers René Descartes and Pierre Gassendi (1592 - 1655), and the Irish philosopher and scientist Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691).

The Revival

Descartes’ mechanical philosophy of corpuscularism (that everything physical in the universe is made of tiny “corpuscles” of matter, and that sensations, such as taste or temperature, are caused by the shape and size of tiny pieces of matter) had much in common with Atomism, and may be considered in some sense another version of it, although for Descartes there could be no void, and all matter was constantly swirling to prevent a void as corpuscles moved through other matter.

Descartes' Atomism

He formulated his atomistic conception of mechanical philosophy partly in response to Descartes, particularly opposing Descartes’ reductionist view that only purely mechanical explanations of physics are valid.

Gassendi's Atomism

Robert Boyle's form of Atomism, which came to be accepted by most English scientists, was essentially an amalgamation of the two French systems. He arrived at it after encountering problems reconciling Aristotelian physics with his chemistry experimentation.

Boyle's Atomism

hilosophical Atomism led to the development of early scientific atomic theory, modern science has shown that atoms in the chemical sense are actually composed of smaller particles (electrons, neutrons and protons), and that these in turn are composed of even more fundamental particles called quarks. Although the principle can still theoretically apply, there are few, if any, modern-day atomists.

Conclusion

ATOMISM

Kingside castling places the King away from the center and safer behind a rank of protected pawns; furthermore it’s a quicker move than Queenside castling since only two pieces have to be moved before.On the other hand, castling on the opponent’s opposite side may be very interesting to create more attacking opportunities.

Kingside castling is safer than Queenside castling

If your opponent is waiting too long to castle, try to keep the enemy King even longer in the center.One of the most common ways to do so is to control one of the squares serving as passage for the King (usually f1 or f8, when Kingside castling).Most of the times it’s worthwhile to sacrifice a pawn in order to keep the King in the center

Try to prevent the opponent from castling

The player, who has an advantage in space, enables greater mobility to friendly pieces and can, therefore, transfer pieces from one side to the other with more flexibility.rookOn the other hand, the player in a more restricted position finds it difficult to maneuver pieces, which might be fatal if they are requested to defend the King.

Dominate as much territory as possible

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Mindfulness

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Problem Solving

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Sports

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Creativity

3 General Chess principles (Part 4)

Since the Queen is a very powerful piece, it is also very vulnerable to the opponent’s constant attacks.Therefore, it’s convenient to place it behind a pawn, preferably on the second rank so that the first one is free for Rook development.

Place the Queen behind the line of friendly pawns during opening

Generally it’s a bad deal to trade a well-positioned piece for a bad-positioned one.When you trade one of your developed pieces for one of your opponent’s not developed ones, you waste time. The same is true if you trade a piece that has moved a lot for one that your opponent moved only once.

Avoid trading a developed piece for a not developed one

The King’s safety is one of the most important things to care about during opening and middlegame. The King in the center will always be very vulnerable to the opponent’s attacks, especially in open positions. Castling means placing your King comfortably behind a pawn blockade and allowing development of one of your Rooks. Then, the Rook may rapidly occupy an open or half-open file.

Castle as quickly as possible

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Health

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Habits

3 General Principle of Chess (Part 3)

Pawn moves should be restricted during opening, because the time involved in these moves could be applied to develop another piece.Generally, moving pawns is suitable when the player aims to open diagonals for the Queen or Bishops or occupy the center.

Don’t make unnecessary pawns moves during opening

A check that can easily be defended by the opponent is unnecessary.Most of the checks during opening can easily be defended by moves that favor development.

Don’t check if not necessary

An open position always favors the flock with more pieces in play and, therefore, should only be provoked by those with a developing advantage.pawn

Do not open the position if you are late in development

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Entertainment

3 General Chess Principles (Part 2)

The main goal of the opening is to develop pieces and reach castling as quick as possible.Opening is complete when one or both players have their Rooks connected. The player, who finishes the development first, gains the initiative.

Rapidly Develop All Pieces

While Bishops can control several squares from their original position, if there are no pawns obstructing their way, Knights dominate only their neighbour squares and take longer to reach the opponent’s field, because they are less mobile pieces.

Develop Knights before Bishops

Try to place your pieces at the best possible position at the first move.It is a waste of time to move the same piece more than once during opening and it may cost you the initiative in the game.

Don’t move the same piece twice during opening

3 General Chess Principles

Have you ever wonder if everything that happens to you now and in the past are just a dream? Is it good for you? that all of your mistake is nothing but a phenomena that happened inside your brain, or it makes you scare and left anxious to think that you are sleeping all time and don't know what's with the waking world? Lets take a look with one of the notable anecdote in philosophy, Zhuangzi and the Butterfly.

The Questions

It started when Zhuangzi a great Daoist thinker fell asleep and dreamed that he was a butterfly. When he woke up, he did not know whether he really was a man who had dreamed he was a butterfly or whether he was a butterfly now dreaming he was a man.

Zhuangzi And The Butterfly

There is nothing wrong with doubting the reality and think the possibility of this hypothetical scenario to happen. In skepticism lens this is called "Global Skepticism".

Global Skepticism

They are doing doubt to everything, Global Skeptics claims that we cannot know whether our most fundamental belief are true or not. This idea rejects the possibility of knowledge in general. The introduction question is a kind of global doubt that leads to the one of the most famous argument of global skepticism called <a href="https://deepstash.com/idea/340702/the-dreaming-hypothesis">"The Dreaming Argument".</a>

Dreaming

Premise 1: We cannot always tell when we are dreaming. Premise 2: If we cannot tell, we cannot be certain that we are not dreaming right now.Premise 3: If we cannot be certain that we are not dreaming right now, then we cannot know anything about the external world.Conclusion: We cannot know anything about the external world.

The Hypothetical Syllogism of Dreaming Argument

This is a kind Global Skepticism because it presents the impossibility to have knowledge (We cannot know anything about the external world). The challenges in this argument can be found in all of its premises and to make the whole argument collapse, one must take the challenge to rule out those claims.

Philosophy of Zhuangzi a famous daoist and the global skepticism argument

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Religion & Spirituality

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Meditation

Zhuangzi and the Global Skepticism 

CHARLES LOUIS SECONDAT, BARON DE LA BRÈDE ET DE MONTESQUIEU

In this book Montesquieu explains his stand in favor of a constitutional system of government and the separation of powers, the ending of slavery, the preservation of civil liberties and the law, and the idea that political institutions ought to reflect the social and geographical aspects of each communities.

BACKGROUND

In Book XI. 6. Montesquieu separates the state power depending on their duty and to have checks and balances to power.

Separation of State Power in The Spirit of Law, XI, 6.

The executive branch is responsible for implementing and administering the public policy enacted and funded by the legislative branch.

THE EXECUTIVE

The legislative branch is responsible for enacting the laws of the state and appropriating the money necessary to operate the government.

THE LEGISLATIVE

The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the constitution and laws and applying their interpretations to controversies brought before it.

THE JUDICIAL

.Montesquieu was one of the great political philosophers of the Enlightenment, he wrote a book entitled "The Spirit of Law".

Montesquieu's The Spirit of Laws is an enduring classic of social and political theory deserving a fresh reading every generation. The modern reader, however, is likely to find a work that ran to over a thousand pages in its two-volume first edition a bit overwhelming. Presented here, therefore, is the first English-language compendium of The Spirit of Laws, together with the first English translation of the posthumously published treatise containing the physiological theory underlying Montesquieu's theory of climate.

3 Dualist schools of thought

What is Knowledge

HEDONISM

ATOMISM

3 General Chess principles (Part 4)

Kyo