Other approaches to measure fat-mass

DUEL-energy X-ray absorptiometry or DEXA is the gold-standard method of calculating fat percentages. It is very accurate but also expensive and not suitable for use in population-wide studies.

Another approach is the use of body-fat scales, where an undetectable electrical current is passed through your body. Since muscle contains more water, it conducts electricity better than fat. A greater electrical resistance will mean you have more body fat. But they are often inaccurate.