Ayurveda therapies have varied and evolved over more than two millennia.^[2] Therapies include medicines, special diets, meditation, yoga, massage, laxatives, enemas, and medical oils.^{[11] [12]} Medicines are typically based on complex herbal compounds, minerals, and metal substances (perhaps under the influence of early Indian alchemy or rasa shastra ). Ancient Ayurveda texts also taught surgical techniques, including rhinoplasty , kidney stone extractions , sutures, and the extraction of foreign objects.^{[13] [14]}