FREDRIK BACKMAN

The earth's atmosphere blocks out most X-rays and prevents astronomers from viewing the universe in X-ray light - a high-energy, short-wavelength light.

• In 1999, the Chandra X-ray Observatory was sent up to space. It scans the skies in X-ray light and can see X-ray sources 100 times ...

Hard or harsh lighting uses smaller light sources to cast large, crisp shadows on the subject while increasing the contrast. The effect is a dramatic, suspenseful atmosphere that evokes a sense of fear or wickedness.

Common sources of lightning:

• Low-ke...

Sun rays are a mixture of all the different colors that are visible within the light spectrum even though they look white. With this in mind, when a beam of sun ray enters a water droplet the component colors refract and exit the water at different angles.

Each ray has a different waveleng...