We get better at thinking when we put our knowledge into practice. Doing and thinking work together. You learn something, and then you use that information to do something. The result is that you learn something new. It is a powe...

Top-down learning is understanding the big picture. It allows you to put the main ideas into a big-picture map to understand how the information fits together.

Bottom-up learning, called "chunking" describes pieces of information that are linked together through meaning or use. Much of lear...

• First, in judging and measuring your opponent, never rely on your instincts. Nothing can substitute for gathering concrete knowledge.
• Second, never trust appearances. Never trust the version that people give of themselves—it is utterly unreliable.
• Do not commit yourself to an...