An economic indicator is simply any economic statistic, such as the unemployment rate, GDP, or the inflation rate, which indicate how well the economy is doing and how well the economy is going to do in the future.Investors use all the information at their disposal to make decisions. If a set of economic indicators suggest that the economy is going to do better or worse in the future than they had previously expected, they may decide to change their investing strategy.

Economic Indicators

<ul><li>Procyclical: This indicator is one that moves in the same direction as the economy. The GDP is an example.</li><li>Countercyclical: This indicator is one that moves in the opposite direction as the economy. The unemployment rate gets larger as the economy gets worse so it is a countercyclical economic indicator.</li><li>Acyclical: This indicator is one that has no relation to the health of the economy and is generally of little use. The number of home runs the Montreal Expos hit in a year generally has no relationship to the health of the economy, so we could say it is an acyclic economic indicator.</li></ul>

Economic Indicators: Relation to the Business Cycle / Economy

<ul><li>Leading economic indicators change before the economy changes. Stock market returns are a leading indicator, as the stock market usually begins to decline before the economy declines and they improve before the economy begins to pull out of a recession.</li><li>A lagged economic indicator is one that does not change direction until a few quarters after the economy does. The unemployment rate is a lagged economic indicator.</li><li>A coincident economic indicator is one that simply moves at the same time the economy does. The Gross Domestic Product is a coincident indicator.</li></ul>

Three Timing Types of Economic Indicators

These tend to be the broadest measures of economic performance and include such statistics as:<ul><li>Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [published quarterly]</li><li>Real GDP [quarterly]</li><li>Implicit Price Deflator for GDP [quarterly]</li><li>Business Output [quarterly]</li><li>National Income [quarterly]</li><li>Consumption Expenditure [quarterly]</li><li>Corporate Profits[quarterly]</li><li>Real Gross Private Domestic Investment [quarterly].</li></ul>

Total Output, Income, and Spending

These statistics cover how strong the labor market is and they include the following:<ul><li>The Unemployment Rate [monthly]</li><li>Level of Civilian Employment[monthly]</li><li>Average Weekly Hours, Hourly Earnings, and Weekly Earnings[monthly]</li><li>Labor Productivity [quarterly].</li></ul>

Employment, Unemployment, and Wages

These statistics cover how much businesses are producing and the level of new construction in the economy:<ul><li>Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization [monthly]</li><li>New Construction [monthly]</li><li>New Private Housing and Vacancy Rates [monthly]</li><li>Business Sales and Inventories [monthly]</li><li>Manufacturers' Shipments, Inventories, and Orders [monthly].</li></ul>

Production and Business Activity

This category includes both the prices consumers pay as well as the prices businesses pay for raw materials and include:<ul><li>Producer Prices [monthly]</li><li>Consumer Prices [monthly]</li><li>Prices Received And Paid By Farmers [monthly]</li></ul>These measures are all measures of changes in the price level and thus measure inflation. Inflation is procyclical and a coincident economic indicator.

Prices

These statistics measure the amount of money in the economy as well as interest rates and include:<ul><li>Money Stock (M1, M2, and M3) [monthly]</li><li>Bank Credit at All Commercial Banks [monthly]</li><li>Consumer Credit [monthly]</li><li>Interest Rates and Bond Yields [weekly and monthly]</li><li>Stock Prices and Yields [weekly and monthly].</li></ul>

Money, Credit, and Security Markets

These are measures of government spending and government deficits and debts:<ul><li>Federal Receipts (Revenue)[yearly]</li><li>Federal Outlays (Expenses) [yearly]</li><li>Federal Debt [yearly].</li></ul>Governments generally try to stimulate the economy during recessions and to do so they increase spending without raising taxes. This causes both government spending and government debt to rise during a recession, so they are countercyclical economic indicators. They tend to be coincident to the business cycle.

Federal Finance

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An economic indicator is simply any economic statistic, such as the unemployment rate, GDP, or <a data-inlink="lluqfUg_4OcRbPD3M7fCtA==" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/study-overview-of-inflation-1147538" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" dir="ltr">the inflation rate</a>, which indicate how well the economy is doing and how well the economy is going to do in the future. As shown in the article " <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-government-business-and-finance-4133011" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2" dir="ltr">How Markets Use Information To Set Prices</a>" investors use all the information at their disposal to make decisions. If a set of economic indicators suggest that the economy is going to do better or worse in the future than they had previously expected, they may decide to change their investing strategy.

To understand economic indicators, we must understand the ways in which economic indicators differ. There are three major attributes each economic indicator has:
<h2 dir="ltr"> Three Attributes of Economic Indicators </h2><OL><LI>Relation to the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/phases-of-the-business-cycle-1146345" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" dir="ltr">Business Cycle</a> / EconomyEconomic Indicators can have one of three different relationships to the economy:
<OL><LI><UL><LI>Procyclic: A procyclic (or procyclical) economic indicator is one that moves in the same direction as the economy. So if the economy is doing well, this number is usually increasing, whereas if we're in a recession this indicator is decreasing. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an example of a procyclic economic indicator.</LI></UL></LI></OL></LI><LI>Countercyclic: A countercyclic (or countercyclical) economic indicator is one that moves in the opposite direction as the economy. The unemployment rate gets larger as the economy gets worse so it is a countercyclic economic indicator.</LI><LI>Acyclic: An acyclic economic indicator is one that has no relation to the health of the economy and is generally of little use. The number of home runs the Montreal Expos hit in a year generally has no relationship to the health of the economy, so we could say it is an acyclic economic indicator.</LI><LI>Frequency of the DataIn most countries, GDP figures are released quarterly (every three months) while the unemployment rate is released monthly. Some economic indicators, such as the Dow Jones Index, are available immediately and change every minute.</LI><LI>TimingEconomic Indicators can be leading, lagging, or coincident which indicates the timing of their changes relative to how the economy as a whole changes.
<OL><LI><h3>Three Timing Types of Economic Indicators</h3><OL><LI>Leading: Leading <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/economics-4133521" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2" dir="ltr">economic</a> indicators are indicators which change before the economy changes. Stock market returns are a leading indicator, as the stock market usually begins to decline before the economy declines and they improve before the economy begins to pull out of a recession. Leading economic indicators are the most important type for investors as they help predict what the economy will be like in the future.</LI></OL></LI><LI>Lagged: A lagged economic indicator is one that does not change direction until a few quarters after the economy does. The unemployment rate is a lagged economic indicator as unemployment tends to increase for 2 or 3 quarters after the economy starts to improve.</LI><LI>Coincident: A coincident economic indicator is one that simply moves at the same time the economy does. The <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/intro-to-gross-domestic-product-1147518" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3" dir="ltr">Gross Domestic Product</a> is a coincident indicator.</LI></OL></LI></OL>
Many different groups collect and publish economic indicators, but the most important American collection of economic indicators is published by the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/powers-of-the-united-states-congress-3322280" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" dir="ltr">United States Congress</a>. Their Economic Indicators are published monthly and are available for download in PDF and TEXT formats. The indicators fall into seven broad categories:
<OL><LI>Total Output, Income, and Spending</LI><LI>Employment, Unemployment, and Wages</LI><LI>Production and Business Activity</LI><LI>Prices</LI><LI>Money, Credit, and Security Markets</LI><LI>Federal Finance</LI><LI>International Statistics</LI></OL>
Each of the statistics in these categories helps create a picture of the performance of the economy and how the economy is likely to do in the future.
<h2 dir="ltr"> Total Output, Income, and Spending </h2>
These tend to be the broadest measures of economic performance and include such statistics as:
<UL><LI>Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [quarterly]</LI><LI>Business Output [quarterly]</LI><LI>National Income [quarterly]</LI><LI>Consumption Expenditure [quarterly]</LI><LI>Corporate Profits[quarterly]</LI><LI>Real Gross Private Domestic Investment[quarterly]</LI></UL>
The Gross Domestic Product is used to measure economic activity and thus is both procyclical and a coincident economic indicator. The Implicit Price Deflator is <a data-inlink="DeJkcuLc1Rfwgd4k8ZBDvg==" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/intro-to-the-gdp-deflator-1147522" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" dir="ltr">a measure of inflation</a>. Inflation is procyclical as it tends to rise during booms and falls during periods of economic weakness. Measures of inflation are also coincident indicators. Consumption and consumer spending are also procyclical and coincident.
<h2 dir="ltr"> Employment, Unemployment, and Wages </h2>
These statistics cover how strong the labor market is and they include the following:
<UL><LI>The Unemployment Rate [monthly]</LI><LI>Level of Civilian Employment[monthly]</LI><LI>Average Weekly Hours, Hourly Earnings, and Weekly Earnings[monthly]</LI></UL>
The unemployment rate is a lagged, countercyclical statistic. The level of civilian employment measures how many people are working so it is procyclic. Unlike the unemployment rate, it is a coincident economic indicator.
<h2 dir="ltr"> Production and Business Activity </h2>
These statistics cover how much businesses are producing and the level of new construction in the economy:
<UL><LI>Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization [monthly]</LI><LI>New Construction [monthly]</LI><LI>New Private Housing and Vacancy Rates [monthly]</LI><LI>Business Sales and Inventories [monthly]</LI><LI>Manufacturers' Shipments, Inventories, and Orders [monthly]</LI></UL>
Changes in business inventories is an important leading economic indicator as they indicate changes in consumer demand. New construction including new home construction is another procyclical leading indicator which is watched closely by investors. A slowdown in the housing market during a boom often indicates that a recession is coming, whereas a rise in the new housing market during a recession usually means that there are better times ahead.
<h2 dir="ltr"> Prices </h2>
This category includes both the prices consumers pay as well as the prices businesses pay for raw materials and include:
<UL><LI>Producer Prices [monthly]</LI><LI>Consumer Prices [monthly]</LI><LI>Prices Received And Paid By Farmers [monthly]</LI></UL>
These measures are all measures of changes in the price level and thus measure inflation. Inflation is procyclical and a coincident economic indicator.
<h2 dir="ltr"> Money, Credit, and Security Markets </h2>
These statistics measure <a data-inlink="zNUk8AJdt6ogkR7TP3XBcQ==" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-money-in-economics-p2-1146354" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" dir="ltr">the amount of money</a> in the economy as well <a data-inlink="1ahXHLm1KBGWsaBIjtmneg==" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/economics-4133521" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2" dir="ltr">as interest rates</a> and include:
<UL><LI>Money Stock (M1, M2, and M3) [monthly]</LI><LI>Bank Credit at All Commercial Banks [monthly]</LI><LI>Consumer Credit [monthly]</LI><LI>Interest Rates and Bond Yields [weekly and monthly]</LI><LI>Stock Prices and Yields [weekly and monthly]</LI></UL>
Nominal interest rates are influenced by inflation, so like inflation, they tend to be procyclical and a coincident economic indicator. Stock market returns are also procyclical but they are a leading indicator of economic performance.
<h2 dir="ltr"> Federal Finance </h2>
These are measures of government spending and <a data-inlink="EzviPk4ZGhD-C2-i9eJUug==" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/why-government-deficits-grow-during-recessions-1147890" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" dir="ltr">government deficits</a> and debts:
<UL><LI>Federal Receipts (Revenue)[yearly]</LI><LI>Federal Outlays (Expenses) [yearly]</LI><LI>Federal Debt [yearly]</LI></UL>
Governments generally try to stimulate <a data-inlink="QVVEyaXIXAYBn5KteqPmeg==" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/phases-of-the-business-cycle-1146345" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" dir="ltr">the economy during recessions</a> and to do so they increase spending without raising taxes. This causes both government spending and government debt to rise during a recession, so they are countercyclical economic indicators. They tend to be coincident to <a data-inlink="EVsKiAsBzTtX08EJRKz0IA==" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-theory-in-chemistry-605932" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2" dir="ltr">the business cycle</a>.
<h2 dir="ltr"> International Trade </h2>
These are a measure of how much the country is exporting and how much they are importing:
<UL><LI>Industrial Production and Consumer Prices of Major Industrial Countries</LI><LI>U.S. International Trade In Goods and Services</LI><LI>U.S. International Transactions</LI></UL>
When times are good people tend to spend more money on both domestic and imported goods. The level of exports tends not to change much during the business cycle. <a data-inlink="Z_T8n5FFPrqNG_Bj35ud2A==" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-us-balance-of-trade-1147456" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" dir="ltr">So the balance of trade</a> (or net exports) is countercyclical as imports outweigh exports during boom periods. Measures of international trade tend to be coincident economic indicators.

While we cannot predict the future perfectly, economic indicators help us understand where we are and where we are going.&nbsp;
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An economic indicator is simply any economic statistic, such as the unemployment rate, GDP, or <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/study-overview-of-inflation-1147538">the inflation rate </a>, which indicate how well the economy is doing and how well the economy is going to do in the future. As shown in the article " <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-government-business-and-finance-4133011">How Markets Use Information To Set Prices </a>" investors use all the information at their disposal to make decisions. If a set of economic indicators suggest that the economy is going to do better or worse in the future than they had previously expected, they may decide to change their investing strategy.

To understand economic indicators, we must understand the ways in which economic indicators differ. There are three major attributes each economic indicator has:

<ol><li>Relation to the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/phases-of-the-business-cycle-1146345">Business Cycle </a>/ Economy Economic Indicators can have one of three different relationships to the economy: <ol><li><ul><li>Procyclic : A procyclic (or procyclical) economic indicator is one that moves in the same direction as the economy. So if the economy is doing well, this number is usually increasing, whereas if we're in a recession this indicator is decreasing. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an example of a procyclic economic indicator. </li> </ul> </li> </ol> </li><li>Countercyclic : A countercyclic (or countercyclical) economic indicator is one that moves in the opposite direction as the economy. The unemployment rate gets larger as the economy gets worse so it is a countercyclic economic indicator. </li><li>Acyclic : An acyclic economic indicator is one that has no relation to the health of the economy and is generally of little use. The number of home runs the Montreal Expos hit in a year generally has no relationship to the health of the economy, so we could say it is an acyclic economic indicator. </li><li>Frequency of the Data In most countries, GDP figures are released quarterly (every three months) while the unemployment rate is released monthly. Some economic indicators, such as the Dow Jones Index, are available immediately and change every minute. </li><li>Timing Economic Indicators can be leading, lagging, or coincident which indicates the timing of their changes relative to how the economy as a whole changes. <ol><li><h3>Three Timing Types of Economic Indicators </h3><ol><li>Leading : Leading <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/economics-4133521">economic </a>indicators are indicators which change before the economy changes. Stock market returns are a leading indicator, as the stock market usually begins to decline before the economy declines and they improve before the economy begins to pull out of a recession. Leading economic indicators are the most important type for investors as they help predict what the economy will be like in the future. </li> </ol> </li><li>Lagged : A lagged economic indicator is one that does not change direction until a few quarters after the economy does. The unemployment rate is a lagged economic indicator as unemployment tends to increase for 2 or 3 quarters after the economy starts to improve. </li><li>Coincident : A coincident economic indicator is one that simply moves at the same time the economy does. The <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/intro-to-gross-domestic-product-1147518">Gross Domestic Product </a>is a coincident indicator. </li> </ol> </li> </ol>

Many different groups collect and publish economic indicators, but the most important American collection of economic indicators is published by the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/powers-of-the-united-states-congress-3322280">United States Congress </a>. Their Economic Indicators are published monthly and are available for download in PDF and TEXT formats. The indicators fall into seven broad categories:

<ol><li>Total Output, Income, and Spending </li><li>Employment, Unemployment, and Wages </li><li>Production and Business Activity </li><li>Prices </li><li>Money, Credit, and Security Markets </li><li>Federal Finance </li><li>International Statistics </li> </ol>

Each of the statistics in these categories helps create a picture of the performance of the economy and how the economy is likely to do in the future.

These tend to be the broadest measures of economic performance and include such statistics as:

<ul><li>Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [quarterly] </li><li>Business Output [quarterly] </li><li>National Income [quarterly] </li><li>Consumption Expenditure [quarterly] </li><li>Corporate Profits[quarterly] </li><li>Real Gross Private Domestic Investment[quarterly] </li> </ul>

The Gross Domestic Product is used to measure economic activity and thus is both procyclical and a coincident economic indicator. The Implicit Price Deflator is <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/intro-to-the-gdp-deflator-1147522">a measure of inflation </a>. Inflation is procyclical as it tends to rise during booms and falls during periods of economic weakness. Measures of inflation are also coincident indicators. Consumption and consumer spending are also procyclical and coincident.

These statistics cover how strong the labor market is and they include the following:

<ul><li>The Unemployment Rate [monthly] </li><li>Level of Civilian Employment[monthly] </li><li>Average Weekly Hours, Hourly Earnings, and Weekly Earnings[monthly] </li> </ul>

The unemployment rate is a lagged, countercyclical statistic. The level of civilian employment measures how many people are working so it is procyclic. Unlike the unemployment rate, it is a coincident economic indicator.

These statistics cover how much businesses are producing and the level of new construction in the economy:

<ul><li>Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization [monthly] </li><li>New Construction [monthly] </li><li>New Private Housing and Vacancy Rates [monthly] </li><li>Business Sales and Inventories [monthly] </li><li>Manufacturers' Shipments, Inventories, and Orders [monthly] </li> </ul>

Changes in business inventories is an important leading economic indicator as they indicate changes in consumer demand. New construction including new home construction is another procyclical leading indicator which is watched closely by investors. A slowdown in the housing market during a boom often indicates that a recession is coming, whereas a rise in the new housing market during a recession usually means that there are better times ahead.

This category includes both the prices consumers pay as well as the prices businesses pay for raw materials and include:

<ul><li>Producer Prices [monthly] </li><li>Consumer Prices [monthly] </li><li>Prices Received And Paid By Farmers [monthly] </li> </ul>

These measures are all measures of changes in the price level and thus measure inflation. Inflation is procyclical and a coincident economic indicator.

These statistics measure <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-money-in-economics-p2-1146354">the amount of money </a>in the economy as well <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/economics-4133521">as interest rates </a>and include:

<ul><li>Money Stock (M1, M2, and M3) [monthly] </li><li>Bank Credit at All Commercial Banks [monthly] </li><li>Consumer Credit [monthly] </li><li>Interest Rates and Bond Yields [weekly and monthly] </li><li>Stock Prices and Yields [weekly and monthly] </li> </ul>

Nominal interest rates are influenced by inflation, so like inflation, they tend to be procyclical and a coincident economic indicator. Stock market returns are also procyclical but they are a leading indicator of economic performance.

These are measures of government spending and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/why-government-deficits-grow-during-recessions-1147890">government deficits </a>and debts:

<ul><li>Federal Receipts (Revenue)[yearly] </li><li>Federal Outlays (Expenses) [yearly] </li><li>Federal Debt [yearly] </li> </ul>

Governments generally try to stimulate <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/phases-of-the-business-cycle-1146345">the economy during recessions </a>and to do so they increase spending without raising taxes. This causes both government spending and government debt to rise during a recession, so they are countercyclical economic indicators. They tend to be coincident to <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-theory-in-chemistry-605932">the business cycle </a>.

These are a measure of how much the country is exporting and how much they are importing:

<ul><li>Industrial Production and Consumer Prices of Major Industrial Countries </li><li>U.S. International Trade In Goods and Services </li><li>U.S. International Transactions </li> </ul>

When times are good people tend to spend more money on both domestic and imported goods. The level of exports tends not to change much during the business cycle. <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-us-balance-of-trade-1147456">So the balance of trade </a>(or net exports) is countercyclical as imports outweigh exports during boom periods. Measures of international trade tend to be coincident economic indicators.

While we cannot predict the future perfectly, economic indicators help us understand where we are and where we are going.

Bite-sized knowledge
to upgrade
your career

Economic Indicators: A Beginner's Guide

Economic Indicators

Economic Indicators: Relation to the Business Cycle / Economy

Three Timing Types of Economic Indicators

Total Output, Income, and Spending

Employment, Unemployment, and Wages

Production and Business Activity

Prices

Money, Credit, and Security Markets

Federal Finance

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Economic Indicators: A Beginner's Guide

Economic Indicators

Economic Indicators: Relation to the Business Cycle / Economy

Three Timing Types of Economic Indicators

Total Output, Income, and Spending

Employment, Unemployment, and Wages

Production and Business Activity

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Money, Credit, and Security Markets

Federal Finance

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