The city was vulnerable to fires and earthquakes. In 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake caused a fire whirl and burned down the city centre. Over 140,000 people died, and around 300,000 homes were destroyed.
World War II cost Japan between 1,8 and 2,8 million lives and a quarter of the nation's wealth. The Great Tokyo Air Raid was deadlier than the bombings of Dresden or Hamburg and even the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima or Nagasaki. The firebombings cut Tokyo's economic output in half.
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