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Reasons It's So Hard To Think Like A Scientist
Being smart isn’t enough
Even expert researchers suffer from the human foibles that undermine scientific thinking.
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Key Ideas
The backfire effect
Is a cognitive bias and it means that showing people evidence which proves that they are wrong is often ineffective, and can actually end up backfiring, by causing them to support their o...
Why the backfire effect appears
People experience as a result of the process that they go through when they encounter information that contradicts their preexisting beliefs.
When people argue strongly enough against unwelcome information, they end up, in their mind, with more arguments that support their original stance.
Reducing other people’s backfire effect
If you’re trying to explain to someone the issues with their stance, you can mitigate the backfire effect by presenting new information in a way that encourages the other person to consider and internalize that information, instead of rejecting it outright.
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Key Ideas
Healthy skepticism
Find out who is making the claim
When you encounter a new claim, look for conflicts of interest. Ask: Do they stand to profit from what they say? Are they affiliated with an organization that could be swaying them? Other questions to consider: What makes the writer or speaker qualified to comment on the topic? What statements have they made in the past?
The halo effect
Is a cognitive bias that makes our feeling towards someone affect how we judge their claims. If we dislike someone, we are a lot more likely to disagree with them; if we like them, we are biased to agree.
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Key Ideas
Pursue what appears to be a paradox
It will force you to reexamine the full body of evidence with new eyes.
Seeking relevant knowledge in unfamiliar disciplines increases the odds of serendipitous insights and ...
Spot contradictions and novel patterns
Go on cross-disciplinary research expeditions.
By reading and translating the literature in fields outside your own, the full body of evidence surrounding a problem become apparent.
Focus on data and methods
Ignore the author’s conclusions.
When you are doing cross-disciplinary research what really matters is the structure of the full body of evidence rather than any authors’ particular interpretation of their data in one paper, which is often biased.