The other party may refuse to budge from their position, make personal attacks, and seek only to maximize their own gains. How to deal with opponents stuck in positional bargaining:<ul><li>One side can continue using the principled approach. This is often contagious.</li><li>The principled party should use "negotiation jujitsu" by refusing to respond to positional bargaining. When they assert their position, ask for reasons behind that position. If they attack your ideas, take it as constructive criticism. </li><li>When the other party remains stuck in positional bargaining, a third party should be brought in.</li></ul>

When the other party won’t use principled negotiation

A good agreement is wise and efficient and improves the relationship of both parties. The agreement should satisfy the parties' interests and should be fair and lasting.

Reaching good agreements

Positional bargaining. Negotiations often take the form of positional bargaining, where each party opens with their position on the issue. Then parties bargain from their opening positions to agree on one of the positions.  It is inefficient and often neglects the parties’ interests. It tends to harm the parties' relationship. Principled negotiation provides a better way to reach good agreements. The process of principled negotiation consists of four principles:<ol><li>Separate the people from the problem</li><li>Focus on interests, not positions</li><li>Generate options</li><li>Use objective criteria</li></ol>

Negotiation can take two forms

You decide upon a position, but your interests caused you to decide.Defining a problem based on your position will mean one party will "lose". But when a problem is defined on the parties underlying interests, it is often possible to find a solution that satisfies both parties. <ul><li>Identify both parties' interests regarding the issue. Ask why they hold the position and why they don't hold another position. </li><li>Then discuss and explain interests clearly while remaining open to other proposals and positions.</li></ul>

Focus on interests, not positions

There are four obstacles to creating options:
<ol>
<li>Parties may decide prematurely on an option and fail to consider alternatives.</li>
<li>Parties may want to narrow their options to find one answer.</li>
<li>The parties may assume one side should win and the other lose.</li>
<li>A party may decide the other side should find a solution.</li>
</ol>
Techniques to overcome these obstacles.
<ul>
<li>Separate the invention process from the evaluation stage.</li>
<li>Brainstorm wild and creative proposals.</li>
<li>After a variety of proposals, the groups can turn to evaluation.</li>
<li>The parties can refine and improve the proposals.</li>
</ul>

Generate creative options

The weaker party can be protected against a poor agreement by developing a BATNA - the Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement.
The reason you negotiate is to produce something better than what you can obtain without negotiating. Without a BATNA, you will negotiate blindly. The party with the best BATNA is the more powerful party in the negotiation. 
Develop your BATNA:
<ul>
<li>Create a list of actions you will take if no agreement is reached.</li>
<li>Improve some of the most promising ideas and change them into practical alternatives.</li>
<li>Select the one alternative that seems best.</li>
</ul>

When the other party is more powerful

When interests are directly opposed, the parties should use objective criteria to find a solution.Develop objective criteria that are legitimate and practical. Objectivity can be tested by asking both sides if they would agree to be bound by those standards. How to negotiate with objective criteria:<ul><li>Each issue should be framed as a search for objective criteria.</li><li>Ask for the reasoning behind a position.</li><li>Agree on principles first.</li><li>Reason and be willing to reconsider when there is reason to.</li><li>Don't give in to pressure or threats.</li></ul>

Use objective criteria

Sometimes parties will use tricks to gain an advantage.
<ul>
<li>Parties may engage in deliberate deception about facts, their authority, or their intentions. Protect against this by seeking verification.</li>
<li>Psychological warfare. If the tricky party use a stressful environment, the principles should identify the problematic element and suggest a fair change. Personal attacks should be identified. Ignore threats or apply principled negotiations on the use of threats.</li>
<li>Positional pressure tactics where negotiations are structured so that only one side can make concessions. Treat it as proposals.</li>
</ul>

When the other party uses dirty tricks

People tend to become attached to the position they take on an issue. They will see any response to those issues as a personal attack. Separating people from the issue allows parties to address the issue without harming their relationship. 
There are three basic types of people problems:
<ul>
<li>Perception. Most conflicts arise because of different interpretations of the facts. Both parties need to understand the other's viewpoint.</li>
<li>Emotion. Parties should tolerate emotions and not react to them.</li>
<li>Communication. Parties should listen attentively and summarise to confirm their understanding.</li>
</ul>

Separate the people from the problem

A seminal book on negotiating strategy and tactics. It has step-by-step instructions for reaching agreements that benefit both parties.

The key text on problem-solving negotiation-updated and revised Getting to Yes has helped millions of people learn a better way to negotiate. One of the primary business texts of the modern era, it is based on the work of the Harvard Negotiation Project, a group that deals with all levels of negotiation and conflict resolution. Getting to Yes offers a proven, step-by-step strategy for coming to mutually acceptable agreements in every sort of conflict. Thoroughly updated and revised, it offers readers a straight- forward, universally applicable method for negotiating personal and professional disputes without getting angry-or getting taken.

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The key text on problem-solving negotiation-updated and revised Getting to Yes has helped millions of people learn a better way to negotiate. One of the primary business texts of the modern era, it is based on the work of the Harvard Negotiation Project, a group that deals with all levels of negotiation and conflict resolution. Getting to Yes offers a proven, step-by-step strategy for coming to mutually acceptable agreements in every sort of conflict. Thoroughly updated and revised, it offers readers a straight- forward, universally applicable method for negotiating personal and professional disputes without getting angry-or getting taken.

Generate creative options

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