<ul><li>Kant argues for a position known as transcendental idealism, which holds that knowledge is a result of the interaction between the mind and the external world. </li><li>He claims that we can never know things as they are in themselves (noumena), but only as they appear to us (phenomena). </li><li>Our perception is shaped by the structures of our own minds, such as space and time, and therefore, we can only have knowledge of phenomena.</li></ul>

Transcendental idealism: 

"I had to deny knowledge in order to make room for faith."

Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own understanding.

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<ul><li>Kant distinguishes between two types of knowledge. </li><li>"A posteriori" knowledge is based on experience and empirical observations, while "a priori" knowledge is independent of experience and derived from reason alone. </li><li>According to Kant, pure reason can provide certain universal and necessary truths that are independent of sensory experience.</li></ul>

Distinction between "a priori" and "a posteriori" knowledge: Tra

<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Overall, "The Critique of Pure Reason" seeks to establish the boundaries and possibilities of human knowledge by investigating the powers and limitations of reason. Kant's ideas continue to shape modern philosophy, particularly in epistemology and metaphysics.</li></ul>

Summary 

<ul><li>Kant presents the concept of the transcendental unity of apperception as a central feature of human cognition.</li><li>He claims that the mind has a self-reflective capacity that allows it to unify various experiences into a coherent and meaningful whole. </li><li>This unity of consciousness is essential for the understanding and organization of knowledge.</li></ul>

The Unity Of Appreciation:

<ul><li>Kant recognizes that pure reason has certain limits. </li><li>He argues that reason cannot provide certain knowledge about metaphysical questions, such as the existence of God, the immortality of the soul, or the nature of reality beyond appearances. </li><li>He criticizes earlier rationalist philosophers who claimed to have knowledge in these areas, asserting that such claims go beyond the limits of human understanding.</li></ul>

The Limitations Of Pure Reason:

<ul><li>Kant introduces the concept of synthetic a priori judgments, which are propositions that are both informative and known independent of experience. </li><li>These judgments, according to Kant, form the basis of mathematical and scientific knowledge. </li><li>He argues that our knowledge of mathematics and the natural sciences relies on both logical reasoning and the contribution of the mind's structuring principles.</li></ul>

The role of synthetic a priori judgments: 

The masterpiece of the father of modern philosophy  A seminal text of modern philosophy, Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781) made history by bringing together two opposing schools of thought: rationalism, which grounds all our knowledge in reason, and empiricism, which traces all our knowledge to experience. Published here in a lucid reworking of Max Müller's classic translation, the Critique is a profound investigation into the nature of human reason, establishing its truth, falsities, illusions, and reality. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.

IMMANUEL KANT

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