Stoicism is a philosophy of life that emphasizes the importance of virtue, reason, and living in accordance with nature. It was founded in ancient Greece by Zeno of Citium around 300 BC. It became popular in the Roman Empire when many aristocrats adopted it. Emperor Marcus Aurelius is the most famous disciple.Stoicism is seeing a renaissance with many modern people being drawn to its teachings as a way to cope with our he adversity of everyday life.

What is Stoicism?

The discipline of action tells us how to behave in the world. It is the result of proper understanding of ethics, the study of how to live our lives, and it draws on the virtue of justice.

The Discipline of Action

The dichotomy of control is a Stoic concept that states that there are two things we can control in life:<ol><li>our thoughts and ...</li><li>our actions</li></ol>.... and nothing else. Everything else is outside of our control.The dichotomy of control can help us to focus on the things that are important and to let go of the things that we can't control. It can help us to develop a sense of equanimity, or calmness, in the face of adversity.

The Dichotomy of Control

The discipline of assent tells us how to react to situations, in the sense of either giving our assent to our initial impressions of a situation or withdrawing it.This discipline is arrived at via the study of logic – what is and is not reasonable to think – and requires the virtue of practical wisdom.

The Discipline of Assent

A good character cannot be developed without a proper understanding and implementation of all three Stoic disciplines, which are:<ol><li>The discipline of desire (also referred to as Stoic acceptance)</li><li>The discipline of action (known also as Stoic philanthropy, in the sense of concern for others)</li><li>The discipline of assent (or Stoic mindfulness) </li></ol>

The Three Stoic Disciplines

4 core virtues that Stoics believe are essential for living a good life:<ol><li>Wisdom: The ability to see the world clearly and to understand what is truly important. Stoics believe that wisdom is the foundation of all the other virtues.</li><li>Courage: The ability to face challenges and to do what is right, even when it is difficult. Stoics believe that courage is essential for living a fulfilling life.</li><li>Temperance: The ability to control our desires and live in moderation. Temperance is essential for living a harmonious life.</li><li>Justice: The ability to act fairly and to treat others with respect.</li></ol>

The Stoic Virtues

Memento mori is a reminder of death. The phrase is Latin for "remember that you will die." Stoics used this phrase as a reminder of the impermanence of life & the importance of living each day to 100%.<ul><li>Death is inevitable. Stoics believe that death is a natural part of life and that it is something that we should all accept.</li><li>Death can be a motivating factor. Stoics believed that if we knew that our time was limited, we would be more likely to focus on what is truly important.</li><li>Death can be a source of peace. Stoics also believed that the awareness of death could bring us peace of mind.</li></ul>

Memento Mori

The discipline of desire tells us what is, and is not, proper to want. This, in turn, derives from the fact that some things are in our power and others are not.Two of the four Stoic virtues are pertinent to regulating desire:<ul><li>Courage (to face facts and act accordingly.)</li><li>Temperance (to rein in our desires and make them commensurate with what is achievable.)</li></ul>

The Discipline of Desire

"The dichotomy of control is a simple but powerful idea that can help us to live more resilient and less stressed lives. It is based on the recognition that there are two types of things in the world: those that we can control and those that we cannot. The things that we can control are our own thoughts, our own actions, and our own goals. The things that we cannot control are everything else."

Stoicism is everywhere. These ideas are a good start.

In the tradition of How to Live and How Proust Can Change Your Life, a philosopher asks how ancient Stoicism can help us flourish today Whenever we worry about what to eat, how to love, or simply how to be happy, we are worrying about how to lead a good life. No goal is more elusive. In How to Be a Stoic, philosopher Massimo Pigliucci offers Stoicism, the ancient philosophy that inspired the great emperor Marcus Aurelius, as the best way to attain it. Stoicism is a pragmatic philosophy that focuses our attention on what is possible and gives us perspective on what is unimportant. By understanding Stoicism, we can learn to answer crucial questions: Should we get married or divorced? How should we handle our money in a world nearly destroyed by a financial crisis? How can we survive great personal tragedy? Whoever we are, Stoicism has something for us--and How to Be a Stoic is the essential guide.

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A philosopher asks how ancient Stoicism can help us flourish today Whenever we worry about what to eat, how to love, or simply how to be happy, we are worrying about how to lead a good life. No goal is more elusive. In How to Be a Stoic, philosopher Massimo Pigliucci offers Stoicism, the ancient philosophy that inspired the great emperor Marcus Aurelius, as the best way to attain it. Stoicism is a pragmatic philosophy that focuses our attention on what is possible and gives us perspective on what is unimportant. By understanding Stoicism, we can learn to answer crucial questions: Should we get married or divorced? How should we handle our money in a world nearly destroyed by a financial crisis? How can we survive great personal tragedy? Whoever we are, Stoicism has something for us—and How to Be a Stoic is the essential guide.

Massimo Pigliucci is an author, blogger, podcaster, as well as the K.D. Irani Professor of Philosophy at the City College of New York. His academic work is in evolutionary biology, philosophy of science, the nature of pseudoscience, and practical philosophy. His books include How to Be a Stoic: Using Ancient Philosophy to Live a Modern Life (Basic Books) and Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk (University of Chicago Press). His new book is The Quest for Character: What the Story of Socrates and Alcibiades Teaches Us about Our Search for Good Leaders (Basic Books). More by Massimo at https://massimopigliucci.org.

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