<ul><li>human beings are attracted to agitation and entertainment because it allows them to forget their own condition.</li><li>Individuals fear nothing so much as boredom, because the absence of occupation makes them feel the miserable nature of their existence. And even social success doesn't diminish this fear.</li><li>happiness is an illusion in the sense that, if we were able to rest in a room, we'd realize that most of the things we do are things we do so as not to have to think about not having to think about our death, so as not to have to face it.</li></ul>

KEY IDEAS OF ENTERTAINMENT ACCORDING TO PASCAL. 

For Pascal, the notion of entertainment is not limited to leisure activities, but refers to the hypothesis that individuals devote themselves to all kinds of social and cultural activities because they make them forget that they are going to die. He calls entertainment everything we do to avoid thinking about our mortal condition and the passage of time. Moreover, etymologically, "to entertain" (divertir in french) means to divert, it's the deviation from the idea of our own death and therefore, in a way, of our own existence.

WHAT'S ENTERTAINMENT ACCORDING TO PASCAL?

For example, is a way of entertaining ourselves, because when we're thinking about the usefulness of what we're doing, we're not thinking about our own death. The rest we are unable to bear, as Pascal speaks of, is this absence of occupation of thought, which then finds itself faced with itself. Entertainment allows us to fight boredom, to occupy the mind. It's a way of filling a void that, for us, is synonymous with death.

Feeling useful while working

The king, despite his advantageous social status, is not spared the fear of death when bored. In other words, power, material possessions, status and wealth do not shield anyone from the fear of death. In the end, those who would be safe from this misfortune would be those who don't ask themselves the question of meaning. The happiest would be the simple-minded, or those who live their lives like automatons.

EVEN KINGS NEED TO BE ENTERTAINED

Pascal — French philosopher, scientist, mathematician and probability theorist (1623-1662) — argues that if we do not know whether God exists then we should play it safe rather than risk being sorry. The argument comes in three versions (Hacking 1972), all of them employing decision theory. "If you gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing"
Pascal provides several answers in his posthumous work Pensées (Thoughts), published in 1671. The work tackles a number of subjects, including entertainment, and questions the relationship between happiness and time.

What is Pascal's decision theory?

Whenever man is at rest, when his mind wanders, he thinks of death, and this makes him anxious and unhappy. In other words, we are unhappy because we are aware of death, because we know that one day our life will come to an end. Our unhappiness stems from the fact that we can't come to terms with the idea of our impending end. This awareness of death is the source of human anguish. And that's why we need entertainment, to forget the fact that one day we'll no longer be around.

ENTERTAINMENT BRINGS US HAPPINESS

Men escape the truth of their condition by repetitive, absurd actions that distract them from their boredom. Basically, if I multiply my activities, it's because I'm not capable of doing anything without feeling anguish.

Absurd actions

"To philosophize is to learn to die."

“All of man's misfortune comes from one thing, which is not knowing how to sit quietly in a room”

For example, when we don't need to be conscious of what we're doing, we're conscious of everything else. It is this impossibility of immobilizing our thoughts that Pascal calls "not knowing how to sit quietly in a room”. We don't know how to remain at rest, because when our body isn't busy, our mind needs to be busy. This phrase raises a major issue, which is that individuals are easily attracted by all the occupations of social life, even though they are a source of restlessness and concern.

Our mind needs to be busy

It's something that allows us to bypass the anguish of death by stepping outside ourselves for a while, to forget that we're going to die. But we are mortal beings who cannot escape our fate. We know it, but we need to forget it, because without it our existence would be unbearable. 
Entertainment is therefore a way of forgetting our mortal destiny.

Entertainment is a way of forgetting our mortal destiny

It's true that the human condition is particularly marked by restlessness. Restlessness is part of our very nature, by virtue of the fact that we inhabit a world in perpetual motion, never still. So if we live in a world in motion, there's no reason why our soul shouldn't be affected by it. Why should the body be subject to the law of motion while the soul is preserved from it?

WHY THE URGE TO MOVE? 

On the one hand, happiness lies in rest, peace and fulfillment. And all our actions are aimed at this goal. But on the other hand, when we're at rest, we're bored, we think about death, we're anxious, we're unhappy, and that's why we need to agitate and entertain ourselves. So man desires rest, yet he must be restless to avoid suffering. Isn't this contradictory? How can we do this? We can assume that entertainment keeps us busy, so our mind doesn't need to work, it's at rest in a sense. This need for mobility can be translated into a search for mental occupation. We are in search of rest.

THE REST PARADOX

"The natural unhappiness of our weak and mortal condition, and so miserable that nothing can console us when we think of it closely."

It's important not to confuse happiness (the ideal of a lasting and complete state of satisfaction) with success (the attainment of a goal). In the collective unconscious, success means a high status on the social ladder, as well as the possession of a great deal of wealth. Pascal shows that social success does not diminish the fear of death, which is why even kings need to be entertained.

HAPPINESS ≠ SUCCESS 

Pascal implies that all the agitation and entertainment that make us happy are really just illusions, lies. The entertainer lies to himself. Entertainment, man's only means of avoiding suffering, would then be an illusory happiness. But if what we think of as happiness is really a lie, then what is "real" happiness? Is it possible to be happy?Notehappiness ≠ well-being (calming the mind and body).Entertainment = Le divertissement (in french)The entertainer lies to himself = Le divertis se ment (in french)

ILLUSORY HAPPINESS

The idea is not to accept death in the sense that we desire it, but in the sense that we accept it as a necessity linked to our nature, and thus become worthy of being alive. But at the same time, accepting death would mean no longer feeding that engine of anguish which, whatever we say, drives us to achieve great and beautiful things. Every time we do something to turn away from the idea of death, we create, and in creating we bring something to the world. We leave it a part of ourselves. Perhaps the fear of death is nothing more than the fear of living.

LEARNING TO ACCEPT DEATH IS LEARNING TO LIVE

Boredom arises from the fact that we think about the passage of time precisely because our minds are not occupied with anything else. We think about passing time when we have nothing else to think about, and to stop thinking about time is to no longer be in its grip. Entertainment can be found in leisure as well as in work, because whether we like it or not, work is a physical and mental occupation that distracts our minds from the idea of death and the anguish it generates.

WHY ARE WE AFRAID OF BOREDOM?

Our soul is never at rest, simply because the life of the mind never stops. There's always something on our minds. It's rare for us to be able to completely clear our minds. It's almost physically impossible. And it's even more so when our body is immobile, because in that case it's usually the mind that sets itself in motion. It starts moving as soon as the body is no longer busy, as soon as there's nothing left to do. But when the body is busy, we don't necessarily need to think, to be anywhere other than where our body is, although this depends on the activity we're undertaking.

WHY DO WE OVERTHINKING?

From the most superficial social activities to the most serious, Pascal observes that people get restless. Human beings seem to want to be entertained at all costs. But what could we be trying to forget? Why are we so afraid of boredom? These are the questions Pascal seeks to answer.

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📏 On a coutume de décrire nos sociétés occidentales modernes comme des sociétés du divertissement. L'adage romain "Du pain et des jeux" semble n'avoir jamais été aussi actuel. Mais le besoin de divertissement ne plonge-t-il pas ses racines dans quelque chose de plus profond, ayant à voir avec l'essence même de la nature humaine ? Eléments de réponse dans cette vidéo.

Pascal - "Pensées" : https://amzn.to/33FCuPO

Pascal - "Les Provinciales" : https://amzn.to/2ZKkAtN

Pascal - "Œuvres complètes" : https://amzn.to/2HbBefI

#Pascal #Divertissement #Mort 
 
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👨🏻‍🏫 QUI EST LE PRÉCEPTEUR ?

Charles Robin est précepteur et enseignant en philosophie, français et mathématiques. Depuis plusieurs années, il accompagne des élèves de tous niveaux dans leur parcours scolaire. Ses élèves l'apprécient pour son franc parler, son sens de l'écoute et sa capacité à rendre claires des notions parfois complexes. Son projet, à terme, est de créer une école populaire autonome dans laquelle seraient valorisés les savoirs fondamentaux, les arts et l'initiative collective.

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🎼 Musique de fin - Charles Robin / Le Rapporteur - Experience

🎬 Animation vidéo - 6ril : https://vimeo.com/f6ril

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PASCAL

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PART 2: HAPPINESS