Used in Dynamic Models

Engineers apply parameter estimation to dynamic models to compute:

Coefficients of transfer functions, including ARX, ARMAX, Box-Jenkins, and output-error models

Entries in state-space matrices

Coefficients of ODEs or well-structured systems with parameter constraints (grey-box system identification).

Regression coefficients, saturation levels, or dead-zone limits for nonlinear dynamic systems, including nonlinear ARX and Hammerstein-Wi.ener