Role of Guilt and the Evolution of Civilization

In the next part, he explains how civilization has developed mechanisms to control and channel human instincts, primarily through laws, a collective sense of guilt, and cultural ideals. He introduces the concepts of the “death drive” (Thanatos) and the “life drive” (Eros), suggesting that humans are driven not only by the desire to create and connect (Eros) but also by an unconscious wish for destruction and death (Thanatos).