To understand why people show regular patterns of socially aversive behavior, and which individuals are more likely to do so, personality psychology has particularly focused on aversive (or so-called “dark”) personality traits in recent years.

The Dark Factor of Personality (D) is the general tendency to focus on one’s own interests and disregard the harm this causes others.

Five themes of D are: callousness, deceitfulness, narcissistic entitlement, sadism, and vindictiveness.