Hashing is a way of permanently converting from one recognizable thing to something uniform and simple. Like grinding a cow into a hamburger – you can always make a burger, but you can never put the cow back together again.

Hashing

Encoding is a way of translating between different formats. Like converting a Spanish recipe for cake into English.

Encoding

Encryption is a way of protecting data behind a secret. Like sealing a box of chocolate in a locked safe so your kids don’t find it.

Encryption

Decoding the terms in cybersecurity in a human way.

Encryption, encoding, and hashing are three related but distinct concepts. It's important for you to understand all three.

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Technology & The Future

cybersecurity

Cybersecurity

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Computer Science

Encoding, Encryption, and Hashing — Remembering the Difference

To compromise your device or account, one doesn't even need direct access to your fingerprint. A photo of a surface you’ve touched will do.

Stealing the Fingerprint

With the fingerprint in hand, all we need to do is place it on the scanner.The team at Kraken was able to perform this well-known attack on the majority of devices available with them. Had this been a real attack, they would have had access to a vast range of sensitive information.

Launching the Attack

With this photo at anyone's disposal, an hour in Photoshop yields a decent negative.

By Spending Some Time With Photoshop

Fingerprint authentication is a convenient alternative to passwords and PIN codes. It comes with a cost, though. Because, unlike a regular password, you leave your fingerprint on taxi doors, phone screens, and glasses of wine at restaurants.

Convenience Comes With A Price

A fingerprint should not be considered a secure alternative to a strong password. Doing so leaves your information — and, potentially, your cryptoassets — vulnerable to even the most unsophisticated of attackers. It should be clear by now that, despite being unique to you, your fingerprint can still be exploited with relative ease. At best, you should only consider using it as second-factor authentication (2FA).

Protecting Yourself From the Attack

For our final step, add some wood glue on top of the print to bring to life a fake fingerprint that we can use on a scanner.

The Final Touch

Next, print the image onto an acetate sheet with the help of a laser printer — the toner creates a 3D structure of the fingerprint on the sheet.

Print The Image Onto An Acetate Sheet

Wondering if hacking your fingerprint is too complicated, if not impossible? Think again.

Your Fingerprint Can Be Hacked For $5. Here’s How.

A conventional computer uses electricity within its silicon chips. Small amounts of electrical current are turned on or off. It represents true and false, or the binary numbers one and zero.
But a quantum computer changes individual quantum elements such as electrons or photons, called qubits. Due to their 'spin', electrons can be up or down, and photons vertical or horizontal at the same time. This quantum superposition means that a qubit is in both states at once.

The power of a quantum computer

Quantum computers need delicate storage requirements. If a qubit interacts with an external factor such as a vibration or temperature variation, it can cause them to fall out of superposition before their job has been done. To prevent this, scientists try to preserve these superposition states of qubits in vacuum chambers and very cold spaces.

Quantum computers are fragile

Qubits rely on a property known as entanglement - the property of one particle is entangled with another. When there are two entangled particles with a combined spin of zero and one particle collapses so that it spins clockwise, the other particle's state will be anticlockwise. This means, once entangled, qubits can be used to represent massive numbers. For example, Google's quantum computer Sycamore had 53 qubits, meaning it could represent over ten quadrillion combinations simultaneously.

Entangled property of qubits

A beginner’s guide to the bizarre physics that powers quantum processors. A computer scientist explains qubits, particle spins and more.

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Personal Development

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Science & Nature

How a quantum computer is different from your laptop, explained by a scientist

Machine learning relies on defining behavioural rules by examining a set of data to find patterns. Since the main objective of ML is to enable machines to learn by themselves, given a set of data, it is merely a technique for realising AI.

Machine Learning as a part of a greater whole

<ol><li>AI refers to machines exhibiting human-like intelligence. There are several techniques for that, machine learning being one of the most prominent ones.</li><li>AI’s ultimate goal is to develop a smart system to simulate human thinking and intelligence, while ML allows the machine to learn from data to give the desired output.</li><li>While AI aims to make machines more human-like, ML helps in making machines learn like humans.</li></ol>

To wrap it up...

Very broadly, <a href="https://analyticsindiamag.com/artificial-intelligence-in-the-new-normal-attitude-of-public-in-india/">AI </a>can be divided into two: narrow AI and general AI.1. Narrow AI systems handle singular or limited tasks. Also referred to as weak AI sometimes, such systems have applications in email spam filtering, recommendation systems, and autonomous vehicles.2. On the other hand, <a href="https://analyticsindiamag.com/what-is-narrow-ai-how-it-is-different-from-artificial-general-intelligence/">general AI </a> or strong AI, refers to a machine’s capability to think and function as a human. It denotes the ability to distinctly recognise other intelligent entities’ needs, emotions, and thoughts.

Narrow AI & General AI

<ol><li>Supervised learning: It has a set of labelled data to train the model on. In a way, it means supervising a machine by providing a ton of information about a particular case and giving it the case outcome.</li><li>Unsupervised learning: <a href="https://analyticsindiamag.com/unsupervised-learning-for-predictive-maintenance-using-auto-encoders/">Unsupervised learning</a> relies on giving the machine or algorithm unlabeled data and allowing it to identify the pattern on its own. </li><li>Reinforcement learning: It depends on ML algorithms with a set of rules and let it learn on its own on how to achieve the goals.</li></ol>

3 Categories of Machine Learning

Very broadly, Artificial Intelligence can be divided into two: narrow AI and general AI

artificialintelligence

Artificial Intelligence

AI & ML Are Not Same. Here’s Why

At a very high level, most NFTs are part of the Ethereum blockchain. Ethereum is a cryptocurrency, like bitcoin or dogecoin, but its blockchain also supports these NFTs, which store extra information that makes them work differently from, say, an ETH coin.

How do they work?

Non-fungible token.That doesn’t make it any clearer. “Non-fungible” more or less means that it’s unique and can’t be replaced with something else. For example, a bitcoin is fungible — trade one for another bitcoin, and you’ll have exactly the same thing. A NFT is like:You gave up a Squirtle, and got a 1909 T206 Honus Wagner, which StadiumTalk <a href="https://www.stadiumtalk.com/s/most-expensive-baseball-cards-985687df1bbe45c5">calls “the Mona Lisa of baseball cards. </a>

What the heck is an NFT?

You can copy a digital file as many times as you want, including the art that’s included with an NFT.But NFTs are designed to give you something that can’t be copied: ownership of the work (though the artist can still retain the copyright and reproduction rights, just like with physical artwork). To put it in terms of physical art collecting: anyone can buy a Monet print. But only one person can own the original.

What about piracy?

NFTs can really be anything digital (such as drawings, music, your brain downloaded and turned into an AI), but a lot of the current excitement is around using the tech to sell digital art.Dogecoin isn’t an NFT. But this GIF of a dogecoin is.

So, what's being sold as an NFT?

No, but technically anything digital could be sold as an NFT. deadmau5 has sold digital animated stickers. William Shatner has sold <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/william-shatners-nft-collectibles-sell-out-at-warp-speed">Shatner-themed trading cards </a>(one of which was apparently an X-ray of his teeth).

Encoding, Encryption, and Hashing — Remembering the Difference

Your Fingerprint Can Be Hacked For $5. Here’s How.

How a quantum computer is different from your laptop, explained by a scientist

It's time to Read like a Pro.

AI & ML Are Not Same. Here’s Why

It's time to
Read like a Pro.