In the 1950s, magazines were looking for unstaged pictures of celebrities, and they were willing to offer a healthy payment to those who could get photos, especially in compromising positions.
Photographer Tazio Secchiaroli was one of the first to take one of these photographs of King Farouk of Egypt. King Farouk became upset being photographed while sitting with two women, neither of which were his wife.

Buzzing photographers

One theory is that an Italian film producer, Federico Fellini, modelled a film after Secchiarioli, calling him Paparazzo because the word reminded him of a buzzing insect that is always hovering, darting, stinging. The film La Dolce Vita came out in 1960 and meant &quot;the sweet life.&quot;
Another theory is that the word came from an Italian hotel manager, Coriolono Paparazzo. English author George Gissing wrote a travel book in 1901 and recorded the name in it. Later in 1958, Ennio Flaiano, the screenwriter on the film, read the book and found the name, Paparazzo.

Two theories of the term paparazzi

What image comes to mind when you hear the word “paparazzi”? If you picture photographers relentlessly following celebrities, then you’re probably right on. But where did the term “paparazzi” come…

Stashed ideas

What image comes to mind when you hear the word “paparazzi”? If you picture photographers relentlessly following celebrities, then you’re probably right on. But where did the term “paparazzi” come from, and how did it come to represent a group of freelance photographers whose goal is to get a big money shot of a celebrity?

The origin of the paparazzi can be traced back to the late 1950s. Magazines were looking for pictures of celebrities that weren’t staged, and they were prepared to offer a healthy payment to those that could get them candid photos, especially those that put celebrities in compromising positions.

The first of these was taken by a photographer named Tazio Secchiaroli in Rome in 1958. He took a shot of King Farouk of Egypt as he became upset after being photographed while he sat with two women, neither of which were his wife. The pair got in a scuffle, and a partner with Secchiaroli got another shot of the scene. The beginnings of a new type of photographer had begun, but these men weren’t known as paparazzi–yet.

An Italian film producer named Federico Fellini was working on a plot for a film about the current culture in Rome at the time, which was that of self-indulgence and high society. Fellini contacted Secchiarioli and even modeled the news photographer character in the movie after him, calling him Paparazzo. The film came out in 1960 and was called <a dir="ltr" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053779/?ref_=nv_sr_1" rel="noopener nofollow">La Dolce Vita </a>, which literally translates as “the sweet life.”

There are several theories on how Fellini came up with the name, Paparazzo. Fellini was quoted in Time magazine as saying that the word reminded him of “a buzzing insect, hovering, darting, stinging.”

Another theory says that the word came from the name of a man that ran a hotel in Catanzaro, Italy, named Coriolano Paparazzo. The name was recorded by an English author named George Gissing, who wrote a travel book in 1901 called By the Ionian Sea that documented his travels through southern Italy. Ennio Flaiano, a screenwriter on the film, was said to have read an Italian translation of Gissing’s book sometime in 1958 and found the name Paparazzo.

Regardless of the true original origin, the plural of Paparazzo (paparazzi) has become associated with those aggressive groups of photographers that follow celebrities everywhere they go to get that one picture that is anything but staged.

Want to delve into more facts? Give a look at Knowledge Stew’s <a dir="ltr" href="https://medium.com/fact-world" rel="noopener">Fact World </a>, here on Medium.

The Origin of the Paparazzi

Returning boomerangs are the banana-shaped devices that come back to you when you throw them. The returning boomerangs are made from lightweight pieces of wood, plastic or similar material and generally measure 1 to 2 feet (30 to 60cm) across. When thrown correctly, a returning boomerang flies in a circular path and returns to its starting point.

Returning Boomerangs

Self Improvement

Non-returning boomerangs are effective hunting weapons. They are easy to aim and can travel a longer distance at a high rate of speed. These boomerangs are made from pieces of wood shaped in a curve, but they are usually heavier and longer than the returning boomerang, about 3 feet (1 metre) across. The design helps them cut through the air.

Non-returning boomerangs

A boomerang has at least two wings combined in one unit. It makes a boomerang spin about a central point, stabilising its motion as it flies through the air. The wings are set at a slight tilt. They have an airfoil design - rounded on one side and flat on the other - which gives a wing lift. The wing has lift when the air particles move quicker over the top of the wing than the bottom, which creates a difference in air pressure, causing lift.

Why boomerangs fly

The two wings of a boomerang are arranged so that the leading edges are facing in the same direction, like propeller blades. Propellers create a forward force by spinning the blades. If you throw a boomerang, as you do with a Frisbee, you may assume the forward motion would be up, and the boomerang would fly up until it stopped spinning and gravity pulled it down again. If you held it vertically when you threw it, as is proper, it seems that it would fly off to the right or left. But that is not what happens.

A boomerang is like a propeller

When you throw the boomerang: <ul><li>It not only spins propeller motion but also flies through the air.</li><li>The wing at the top of the spin moves in the same direction as the forward motion of the throw, while the bottom wing moves in the opposite direction.</li><li>This causes the top wing to move through the air at a higher speed.</li><li>It makes more air pass under it and creates lift because the wing has to exert more force to push down the increased mass.</li><li>It is as if someone is continually pushing the spinning propeller at the top of the spin, causing it to keep turning, travelling in a circle.</li></ul>

Why a boomerang comes back

There are five variables involved in a boomerang flight: <ul><li>The force of gravity</li><li>The force caused by the propeller motion</li><li>The force of your throw</li><li>The force caused by the uneven speed of the wings</li><li>The forces of wind</li></ul> All five forces have to be balanced to make a boomerang travel in a circle and come back to its starting point. The only way to consistently make good throws is to practice good technique.

Forces that affect a boomerang flight

<ol><li>Hold the boomerang at the end of the bottom wing, with the V-point pointing toward you, the flat side facing out. The curved edge will be on the left and the top wing's leading edge facing away from you.</li><li>Aim the boomerang at a point about 45 to 50 degrees to one side from the wind direction.</li><li>Bring the boomerang behind you and snap it forward (like throwing a baseball). Ensure you snap your wrist when you let go to create a good spin.</li><li>When it comes back to you, safely catch it by clapping it between your two hands.</li></ol>

How to throw a boomerang

Aborigines of Australia are credited with the invention of the boomerang. They used non-returning boomerangs in hunting, called kylies. The returning boomerang might be a complete accident or the result of design experimentation. The Aborigines perfected the boomerang design and throwing technique for the simple pleasure of it.

The boomerang the first man-made flying machine

It's pretty amazing: When you throw a boomerang, it actually does come back to you -- if you throw it properly. Find out why the boomerang returns and how to throw it like a pro.

Boomerangs probably came about through a trial and error process. See how the experts think boomerangs were invented.

When most of us think of boomerangs , we imagine somebody (quite possibly a cartoon character) throwing a banana-shaped stick that eventually turns around and comes right back to the thrower's hand (possibly after hitting another cartoon character in the head). This idea is simply amazing, and as children, our first reaction to such a device was: This stick is obviously possessed with magical powers! Of course, the person or people who discovered the boomerang hadn't actually found a magical stick, but they had come upon an amazing application of some complex laws of physics.

In this article, we'll break down the physical principles that make boomerangs work, see what happens as a boomerang flies through the air and find out the proper way to throw a boomerang so that it comes back to you. We'll also delve a little into the history of boomerangs to see how they came about in the first place. Boomeranging is an amazing demonstration of scientific principles as well as a terrific sport you can enjoy all by yourself.

When we talk about boomerangs, we usually mean the curved devices that return to you when you throw them, but there are actually two different kinds of boomerangs. The kind we're all familiar with, returning boomerangs , are specially crafted, lightweight pieces of wood, plastic or other material. Traditionally, these are basically two wings connected together in one banana-shaped unit, but you can find a number of different boomerang designs available these days, some with three or more wings. Most returning boomerangs measure 1 to 2 feet (30 to 60 cm) across, but there are larger and smaller varieties. When thrown correctly, a returning boomerang flies through the air in a circular path and arrives back at its starting point.

Returning boomerangs are not suited for hunting -- they are very hard to aim, and actually hitting a target would stop them from returning to the thrower, pretty much defeating the purpose of the design.

Returning boomerangs evolved out of non-returning boomerangs . These are also curved pieces of wood, but they are usually heavier and longer, typically 3 feet (1 meter) or more across. Non-returning boomerangs do not have the light weight and special wing design that causes returning boomerangs to travel back to the thrower, but their curved shape does cause them to fly easily through the air. Non-returning boomerangs are effective hunting weapons because they are easy to aim and they travel a good distance at a high rate of speed. There is also such a thing as a battle boomerang , which is basically a non-returning boomerang used in hand-to-hand combat.

If you throw a straight piece of wood that's about the same size as a boomerang, it will simply keep going in one direction, turning end over end, until <a dir="ltr" href="https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/question232.htm">gravity </a>pulls it to the ground. So the question is, why does changing the shape of that piece of wood make it stay in the air longer and travel back to you?

The first thing that makes a boomerang different from a regular piece of wood is that it has at least two component parts, whereas a straight piece of wood is only one unit. This makes the boomerang spin about a central point , stabilizing its motion as it travels through the air. Non-returning boomerangs are better throwing weapons than straight sticks because of this stabilizing effect: They travel farther and you can aim them with much greater accuracy.

The returning boomerang has specialized components that make it behave a little differently than an ordinary bent stick. A classic banana-shaped boomerang is simply two wings joined together in a single unit. This is the key to its odd flight path.

The wings are set at a slight tilt and they have an airfoil design -- they are rounded on one side and flat on the other, just like an airplane wing. If you've read <a dir="ltr" href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/airplanes.htm">How Airplanes Work </a>, then you know that this design gives a wing lift . The air particles move more quickly over the top of the wing than they do along the bottom of the wing, which creates a difference in air pressure. The wing has lift when it moves because there is greater pressure below it than above it.

As you can see in the diagram, the two wings are arranged so that the leading edges are facing in the same direction, like the blades of a propeller . At its heart, a boomerang is just a propeller that isn't attached to anything. Propellers, like the ones on the front of an airplane or the top of a <a dir="ltr" href="https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/helicopter.htm">helicopter </a>, create a forward force by spinning the blades, which are just little wings, through the air. This force acts on the axis , the central point, of the propeller. To move a vehicle like a plane or helicopter, you just attach it to this axis.

The classic boomerang's propeller axis is only imaginary, so it obviously isn't attached to anything, but the propeller itself is moved by the forward force of the wings' lift. It would be reasonable to assume, then, that a boomerang would simply fly off in one direction as it spun, just as a plane with a spinning propeller will move in one direction. If you held it horizontally when you threw it, as you do with a Frisbee, you would assume that the forward motion would be up because that's the direction the axis is pointing -- the boomerang would fly up into the sky like a helicopter taking off, until it stopped spinning and gravity pulled it down again. If you held it vertically when you threw it, which is the proper way to throw a boomerang, it seems that it would simply fly off to the right or left. But obviously this isn't what happens.

In the next section, we'll see why a boomerang turns and comes back to you.

Unlike an airplane or helicopter propeller, which starts spinning while the vehicle is completely still, you throw the boomerang, so that in addition to its spinning propeller motion, it also has the motion of flying through the air.

In the diagram below, you can see that whichever wing is at the top of the spin at any one time ends up moving in the same direction as the forward motion of the throw, while whichever wing is at the bottom of the spin is moving in the opposite direction of the throw. This means that while the wing at the top is spinning at the same speed as the wing at the bottom, it is actually moving through the air at a higher rate of speed.

When a wing moves through the air more quickly, more air passes under it. This translates into more lift because the wing has to exert more force to push down the increased mass. So, it's as if somebody were constantly pushing the whole spinning propeller of the boomerang at the top of the spin.

But everybody knows that when you push something from the top, say a chair, you tip the thing over and it falls to the ground. Why doesn't this happen when you push on the top of a spinning boomerang?

If you've read <a dir="ltr" href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/gyroscope.htm">How Gyroscopes Work </a>, then you may have already guessed what's going on here. When you push on one point of a spinning object, such as a wheel, airplane propeller or boomerang, the object doesn't react in the way you might expect. When you push a spinning wheel, for example, the wheel reacts to the force as if you pushed it at a point 90 degrees off from where you actually pushed it. To see this, roll a bicycle wheel along next to you and push on it at the top. The wheel will turn to the left or right, as if there were a force acting on the front of the wheel. This is because with a spinning object, the point you push isn't stationary, it's rotating around an axis! You applied the force to a point at the top of the wheel, but that point immediately moved around to the front of the wheel while it was still feeling the force you applied. There's a sort of delayed reaction, and the force actually has the strongest effect on the object about 90 degrees off from where it was first applied.

In this scenario, the wheel would quickly straighten out after turning slightly because as the point of force rotates around the wheel, it ends up applying force on opposite ends of the wheel, which balances out the effect of the force. But constantly pushing on the top of the wheel would keep a steady force acting on the front of the wheel. This force would be stronger than the counterbalancing forces, so the wheel would keep turning, traveling in a circle.

If you've ever steered a <a dir="ltr" href="https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/bicycle.htm">bicycle </a>without using the handlebars, you've experienced this effect. You shift your weight on the bicycle so that the top of the wheel moves to the side, but every bicycle rider knows that the bike doesn't tip over as it would if it were standing still, but turns to the right or left instead.

This is the same thing that is happening in a boomerang. The uneven force caused by the difference in speed between the two wings applies a constant force at the top of the spinning boomerang, which is actually felt at the leading side of the spin. So, like a leaning bicycle wheel, the boomerang is constantly turning to the left or right, so that it travels in a circle and comes back to its starting point.

As we've seen, there are several forces acting on a boomerang as it spins through the air. We know that the boomerang is affected by:

<ul><li>The force of gravity </li><li>The force caused by the propeller motion </li><li>The force of your throw </li><li>The force caused by the uneven speed of the wings </li><li>The force of any wind in the area </li> </ul>

So there are five variables involved in a boomerang flight. For a boomerang to actually travel in a circle and come back to its starting point, all of these forces have to be balanced in just the right way. To accomplish this, you need a well-designed boomerang and a correct throw. In cartoons, the boomerang takes care of all the work and pretty much anyone can get the boomerang to return on the first try. Any boomerang enthusiast will tell you, however, that the only way to consistently make good throws is to practice good technique. In this section, we'll give you the basics so you can get started on perfecting your throw.

<ol><li>Hold the boomerang with the V-point, called the elbow , pointing toward you, and with the flat side facing out. Hold the boomerang at the end of the bottom wing, with a light pinch-like grip. This boomerang is designed for a right-handed person -- when you hold it correctly with your right hand, the curved edge is on the left and the top wing's leading edge is facing away from you. It probably won't travel back to you if you throw it with your left hand. If you are left-handed, make sure you get a left-handed boomerang -- one that is a mirror image of the boomerang in this illustration. <a dir="ltr" href="http://www.coloradoboomerangs.com/">Colorado Boomerangs </a>sells a variety of boomerang styles, and the company says that every model is available in a left-handed version. If you are throwing with your left hand, hold the boomerang so that it is tilted to the left, with the curved side facing to the right. A right-handed boomerang will travel in a counter-clockwise circle and a left-handed boomerang will travel in a clockwise circle. </li><li>To keep the wind from forcing the boomerang off course, you should aim the boomerang at a point about 45 to 50 degrees to one side from the direction of the wind (stand facing the wind and rotate about 45 degrees clockwise or counter-clockwise). Adjust the position of the boomerang depending on how much wind there is. </li><li>When you have set your grip on the boomerang and you have oriented yourself in relation to the wind, bring the boomerang back behind you and snap it forward as if you were throwing a baseball. It is very important to snap your wrist as you release the boomerang so that it has a good spin to it. Spin is the most important thing in a boomerang throw -- it's what makes the boomerang travel in a curved path. </li><li>When you throw the boomerang vertically, the uneven force on the top of the spin tilts the axis down gradually, so it should come back to you lying down horizontally, as a Frisbee would. But don't try to catch it with one hand -- the spinning blades could really hurt you. The safe way to catch a returning boomerang is to clap it between your two hands. Always be careful when playing with a boomerang, especially a heavier model. When you throw the boomerang, you must keep your eye on it at all times or it could hit you on the return. If you lose track of its path, duck and cover your head rather than trying to figure out where it is. Boomerangs move quickly, with a lot of force. </li> </ol>

Your first attempt will probably end up on the ground, as will your second and third, so don't try to learn with an expensive hand-carved model -- pick up a cheap plastic design at the toy store. Boomeranging is a difficult skill, but it can be a lot of fun to practice. It's certainly a satisfying accomplishment when the boomerang actually comes right back to you and you catch it perfectly!

Boomerangs make perfect sense once you understand all of the physical forces at work, but it doesn't seem like something early man would suddenly come up with out of the blue. So how on earth did this amazing invention come about? Anthropologists believe it was mostly a matter of trial and error.

First let's consider how a primitive hunter might have come up with a non-returning boomerang. We know that at some point people started using the rocks and sticks they found around them as crude tools. One very early invention was the club, which is just a stick that you hit something or somebody with. Hurling a club to hit somebody is just a slight extension of this basic tool, so it's not a stretch to suppose that this was a common use of the club.

In nature, there are plenty of sticks that are bent in a curve like a boomerang, and people probably threw these sorts of sticks all the time. Because of the stabilizing motion of the two branches of the stick, this sort of stick would have stayed aloft longer and would have been easier to send in the desired direction. Primitive humans noticed this, and so they started specifically seeking out bent sticks when they wanted to throw a club at their target. Then they started selecting the best curved sticks (thinner, longer ones work better) and were soon customizing sticks so they were especially suited for taking down prey. Non-returning boomerangs have been found all over the world. The oldest known non-returning boomerang, an artifact found in Poland, dates from about 20,000 years ago.

The experts aren't really sure when and where people first developed returning boomerangs, but the <a dir="ltr" href="https://people.howstuffworks.com/aborigine.htm">Aborigines </a>of Australia are generally credited with the invention. Aborigines used non-returning boomerangs, which they call kylies , extensively in hunting, and the theory is that at some point, one or more Aborigines used a kylie with the particular shape of a boomerang and noticed that it traveled in an arc. This might have been pure accident or it might have been the result of design experimentation. One theory is that an Aboriginal hunter fashioned a smaller kylie with a more angled curve because he or she noticed how a bird held its wings in a pronounced V shape while soaring through the air.

The amazing flight pattern of the new discovery didn't really help out much in taking down prey -- it actually made it harder to aim accurately -- but it was, of course, really cool. Evidently, the Aborigines perfected the boomerang design and throwing technique for the simple pleasure of it, and the boomerang has mostly been used as sports equipment ever since then. The standard game is to see who can throw the boomerang the farthest and still catch it on its return. The boomerang did have some limited use in hunting, however. The Aborigines would set up nets in trees and then throw the boomerang into the air while making a hawk call. This would scare flocks of birds so they would fly down into the nets.

The boomerang is actually the first man-made flying machine, and so it is the direct predecessor of the <a dir="ltr" href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/airplanes.htm">airplane </a>, <a dir="ltr" href="https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/helicopter.htm">helicopter </a>, <a dir="ltr" href="https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/blimp.htm">blimp </a>-- even the <a dir="ltr" href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/space-shuttle.htm">space shuttle </a>! It's amazing that a hunk of wood can make such effective use of complex principles of physics -- so amazing that it really seems like magic until you understand what's happening. The boomerang is a great learning tool for anyone interested in physics, and it is certainly one of the most remarkable toys in history!

For lots more information, check out the links on the next page.

Originally Published: Nov 2, 2000

How Boomerangs Work

Researchers from Harvard, MIT, and the University of Colorado have observed that people who wake up earlier tend to be less depressed.
Though the study has only been among European descendants, the study shows that going to sleep early and waking up an hour or two early lowers the risk of depression by 23-40% respectively.

Earlier Mornings for Reducing Depression

The early bird catches the worm and is way less melancholy about worm availability and options.

Researchers analyzed genetic data on 850,000 people through the company 23andMe, 38% of whom had worn sleep trackers or filled out sleep questionnaires.


The early bird catches the worm and is way less melancholy about worm availability and options. This is the finding of a new study from researchers at Harvard, MIT, and the University of Colorado at Boulder, who explored whether waking earlier lowers depression risk.

Scientists have long known that <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90279079/turns-out-that-morning-people-really-are-more-productive-than-night-owls" rel="noopener noreferrer">people who wake up earlier </a>tend to be less depressed: Night owls, who make up around 10% of the population, are twice as likely to suffer from depression. But scientists did not know what sleeping hours make a difference, and the information came mostly from questionnaires, not observation. So researchers analyzed genetic data on 850,000 people through the company <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/section/23andMe" rel="noopener noreferrer">23andMe </a>, 38% of whom had worn sleep trackers or filled out sleep questionnaires.

They found that people with genes that predispose them to be early risers have less depression, and that waking an hour earlier lowers risk of depression by 23%. Waking two hours earlier lowers risk by about 40%. Note that this benefit does not come from just setting the alarm earlier: It also requires going to bed an hour or two earlier.

Caveats: All participants were of European ancestry, and the researchers don’t yet understand why those with early-bird genes and sleep habits are less depressed. Next up, the researchers plan a large, randomized clinical trial, to definitively show that manipulating wake up times protect against depression. The <a dir="ltr" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2780428" rel="noopener noreferrer">study </a>is out this week in JAMA Psychiatry.

Harvard study: Want to be less depressed? Wake up earlier

When a 15-year-old Paul McCartney met a 16-year-old John Lennon in 1957, the world was about to be turned upside down. 
Lennon invited McCartney to play the rhythm guitar in his skiffle band, The Quarrymen. Later, the band was joined by George Harrison and original bass player Stuart Sutcliffe. Original Beatles drummer Pete Best joined the band, but following criticism, Best was replaced by Ringo Starr in 1962. Sutcliffe left the band in 1961, and McCartney replaced him on bass.

The world's most famous band

Allan Williams was the Beatles&#39; first manager. After a string of shows at The Cavern Club, Brian Epstein spotted the band and became their official manager in 1962.
Initially, Decca Records rejected the band, and instead, Epstein signed the band to EMI&#39;s Parlophone label. In June, the first recording session was initiated at Abby Road Studios and in October, The Beatles&#39; first single, &#39;Love Me Do&#39; reached Number 17 on the Record Retailer chart. They went on to release 12 studio LPs in eight years.

The Beatles: UK popularity and the first single

In 1963, The Beatles recorded their first LP, Please Please Me, a hit that quickly rose to number 1. European tours followed with thousands of fans filling the streets. The reaction was described as Beatlemania.
The Beatles landed in the USA in 1964, and their first US television performance was watched by approximately 73 million viewers across the States. The Beatles gathered a growing fanbase and held the top five places in the Billboard Top 100, a record to this day.

Beatlemania

Live music concerts were held at stadiums in America, including a show in 1965 at Shea Stadium, to a record 55,600 fans. But after four years of constant recording, touring, and more than 1,400 live appearances, life finally started to take its toll. The last performance was at Candlestick Park, San Francisco, in August 1966.
The Beatles now turned to the studio and recorded six studio LPs from 1966-1970, starting with Sgt. Pepper&#39;s Lonely Hearts Club Band.

The Beatles: Live music concerts

Cracks in the unity of The Beatles became apparent after the death of Brian Epstein, with members leaving and returning. Yet, The Beatles still managed to occupy number 1 with four of their releases in the UK and five in the US.
Their final performance was on the rooftops of Apple Corps on Savile Row in January 1969. The Beatles finally broke up in 1970, and shortly after, their last studio LP Let It Be, was released on May 8th 1970.

Tensions in the band

Ever wondered how The Beatles cracked the world? Read our brief feature on the history of Liverpool's most famous sons.

The history behind Liverpool’s most famous sons <a dir="ltr" href="https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/the-beatles-on-film-eight-days-a-week-and-29-other-movies/">The Beatles </a>is quite something. From their first encounters, tours of the world and subsequent break-up; read on to delve in to a brief account of the world’s most famous band.

Little did we know that the musical world was about to flip on its head when a 15 year-old <a dir="ltr" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/paul-mccartney-and-ringo-starr-have-come-together-in-the-studio-for-a-beatles-reunion/">Paul McCartney </a>met a 16 year-old John Lennon in 1957. Lennon, in his skiffle band The Quarrymen, invited McCartney to join the group on rhythm guitar, with the band later inviting George Harrison and original bass player Stuart Sutcliffe to join.

Following a string of concerts in Liverpool, The Beatles’ first manager Allan Williams (original owner of local venue <a dir="ltr" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/articles/the-best-music-venues-in-liverpool-uk/">The Jacaranda </a>) arranged a residency in Hamburg for the band, which would see original Beatles drummer Pete Best join the band. 1961 saw Sutcliffe leave the band – with McCartney replacing him on bass. Following criticism, Best would be also be replaced by a young Ringo Starr a year later.

When The Beatles returned to the UK in 1961 after a number of performances in Hamburg, they were at the fore of the city’s ever-growing <a dir="ltr" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/articles/the-story-of-how-merseybeat-took-over-the-world/">Merseybeat </a>scene. Following a run of shows at The Cavern Club, they were spotted by Brian Epstein, who would later go on to become the band’s official manager in 1962. Initially rejected by Decca Records, Epstein would then sign the band to EMI’s Parlophone label and in June initiated their first recording session at Abbey Road Studios.

In October of the same year, The Beatles’ first single ‘Love Me Do’ peaked at Number 17 on the Record Retailer chart. The band would return to Hamburg for their fifth and final residency before returning home with a new look and a promise to be more serious about their music. Serious they were, as they would go on to release 12 studio LPs in an eight year period.

In 1963, a sharp-suited Beatles would record their first LP Please Please Me , a roaring success in the UK, peaking at number 1 in the charts. Extensive European tours followed, with thousands of fans filling the streets outside venues on a nightly occurrence. The reaction to the band was dubbed Beatlemania. 1964 saw the ‘British Invasion’, with The Beatles hitting USA for the first time. The Ed Sullivan Show played host to their first US television performance, which was a landmark for the band and was watched by approximately 73 million viewers in the States.

The Beatles’ rapid success and growing fanbase in America saw them hold the top five places in the Billboard Top 100, which is still a record to this day. Amongst tours, The Beatles found time to record with A Hard Day’s Night and Beatles For Sale released in the second half of 1964.

The Beatles would see continued success in America with the first live music concerts to be held at stadiums, including a show at Shea Stadium to a world record crowd of 55,600 on August 15th 1965. Playing live finally began to take its toll on the band after four years of constant recording, touring and over 1,400 live appearances, with their last performance to the public at Candlestick Park, San Francisco in August 1966.

With no plans for further shows, The Beatles took to the studio with a more experimental approach to their music. From late 1966-1970 The Beatles would go on to record and release a further six studio LPs, starting with Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band . Following the death of Brian Epstein, cracks in the group’s unity began to show and recording sessions became difficult with members occasionally quitting and returning.

Despite this, The Beatles still managed to occupy the top spot with four of their six releases during this period peaking at number 1 in the UK and five reaching number 1 in the US.

Tensions continued to become apparent and their final performance was to be on the rooftops of Apple Corps on Savile Row, January 1969. The worldwide number 1 album Abbey Road followed later in the year, just before The Beatles finally broke up in 1970.

Following The Beatles’ break-up, their final studio LP Let It Be was released on May 8th 1970; now regarded a poignant finale for the group which shook the world.

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A Brief History of The Beatles

“If something is important enough, even if the odds are stacked against you, you should still do it.”

Quote

Elon Musk (Founder Of Spacex, Tesla Motors And Contributor To Paypal):&nbsp;Musk, at 12 years old, taught himself to code and sold a game he made for $500. When he moved to Canada, he worked odd jobs including tending vegetables, shoveling out grain bins, and cleaning out gunk from a boiler room in a lumber mill.In university, Elon sold computer parts to make extra cash and turned his 10 bedroom fraternity home into a nightclub on the weekends and charged a cover. Since then, he’s built several companies, including SpaceX, Tesla Motors, PayPal, and zip2.

Hustle Early In Life

“It’s important to be willing to make mistakes. The worst thing that can happen is you become more memorable.”

Sara Blakely (Founder Of Spanx):&nbsp;She started her billionaire journey when she was 27 years old, out of her Atlanta apartment and revolutionized the way women look in their clothes. She also started the Sara Blakely Foundation to help women through education and entrepreneurship and later joined the ‘Giving Pledge’, a commitment to donate the majority of her wealth to help others who truly need it.

Give To Those Who Truly Need It

Warren Buffett (CEO Of Berkshire Hathaway): He’s an American investment wizard and businessman who started investing in stocks at 11 years old and real estate investing at 14 years old. He’s had a few businesses and grew Berkshire Hathaway into one of the most valuable companies in the world based on his ‘invest what you know’ mentality and strategically investing in undervalued businesses for the long term in many industries.

Learn To Grow Your Investments

“I don’t believe in pitfalls. I believe in taking risks and not doing the same thing twice.”

Guy Laliberté (Co-Founder And Former CEO Of Cirque Du Soleil): He started as a street performer playing the accordion, walking on stilts and eating fire. In 1987, he co-founded a circus troupe in Montreal and took a big risk moving it to Los Angeles which eventually led to it becoming the famous Cirque du Soleil.In 2009, he became the first Canadian space tourist and his spaceflight was dedicated to raising awareness on water issues making it the first, in his words, ‘poetic social mission’ in space.

Be Comfortable With The Uncomfortable

“You become what you believe. You are where you are today in your life based on everything you have believed.”

Oprah Winfrey (CEO Of Oprah Winfrey Network):&nbsp;Considered one of the most influential women in the world, she is an American media mogul, producer, talk show host, author and philanthropist.She grew up in poverty and by the time she was fourteen, she suffered physical abuse, molestation, and the death of her first newborn. A few years later, she won a beauty pageant, got her degree in speech and performing arts and became an ABC news anchor.

Circumstances Don’t Matter

Mark Cuban (Owner Of The Dallas Mavericks, Landmark Theatres, Magnolia Pictures And Chairman Of Axs Tv):&nbsp;Before his billionaire days, he learned to stretch his dollar by living of ketchup and mustard sandwiches, couch surfing, and living on the cheap. In university, he made extra cash teaching dance lessons and hosting disco parties.He lived on the cheap for a long time in order to build and grow his businesses and investments into a multi-billion-dollar empire.

Learn The Real Value Of Money

Jack Ma (Founder Of China Yellowpages And Alibaba): His mental toughness and resilience got him through many failed school and university exams. After graduating, he went on to dozens of rejections from jobs.Before becoming rich, he was kidnapped on a business trip to Los Angeles, threatened with a gun, and held captive in Las Vegas before managing to escape. His mental toughness, resilience, extreme determination and passion to achieve his goals eventually paid off and he went on to build a massive internet empire.

Learn To Be Mentally Tough

Zhou Qunfei (Founder Of Lens Technology): When she was 16, due to financial hardship and a need to support her blind father, she dropped out of school to work as an operator in a watch glass company.She learned the ropes of the glass making business by studying alone at night and relying on books to create different technologies. Now, her company supplies touchscreen glass to a quarter of all smartphones in the world.&nbsp;

Learn The Power Of Curiosity

In Bloomberg's top 200 billionaires, over half are self made; 137 to be exact. Together, those 137 are worth about $2 trillion. And the percentage of self-made billionaires is growing from year to year at an amazing rate - proof that it is possible to achieve this dream.

In Bloomberg's top 200 billionaires, over half are self made; 137 to be exact. Together, those 137 are worth about $2 trillion. And the percentage of self-made billionaires is growing from year to year at an amazing rate - proof that it is possible to achieve this dream. In the last 19 years, billionaire wealth growth was strongly driven by entrepreneurial wealth creation, according to a <a href="https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/financial-services/publications/assets/pwc-ubs-billionaire-report.pdf">2015 study by PWC </a>.

Going down the billionaire path requires a great deal of perseverance, ambition, business focus, and work ethic. Match that with an appetite of clever risk taking, influencing others to believe in your dream, and massively helping others along the way and you'll have several of the key traits of self made billionaires. Although they are fearless visionaries, many of them also started out in the world just like you.

1. Learn to hustle early in life: Elon Musk (Founder of SpaceX, Tesla Motors and Contributor to Paypal)

Here are 10 extremely valuable and insightful things you can learn from these self-made billionaires to inspire you and launch your entrepreneur journey: Networth 13 Billion USD (Forbes) "The first step is to establish that something is possible; then probability will occur." Elon Musk is a South African born Canadian - American billionaire technology mogul who started hustling at 12 years old. He started his entrepreneurial journey teaching himself to code and selling a video game he made for $500. When he first arrived in Canada, he held a series of odd jobs including tending vegetables, shoveling out grain bins, and cleaning out gunk from a boiler room in a lumber mill.

When he was in university, Elon sold computer parts and computers to make extra cash. And to help pay rent, he and his friend turned their 10 bedroom fraternity home into a nightclub on the weekends and charged cover. Since then, he's built several companies, including SpaceX, Tesla Motors, PayPal, and zip2.

2. Learn to give to those who truly need it: Sara Blakely (Founder of Spanx)

Networth $1.03 Billion (Forbes) "It's important to be willing to make mistakes. The worst thing that can happen is you become more memorable." - Sara Blakeley Sara Blakely is an American intimate apparel billionaire and a philanthropist who has committed to donating most of her wealth away. She started her billionaire journey when she was 27 years old, out of her Atlanta apartment and revolutionized the way women look in their clothes. In 2006, she started the Sara Blakely foundation dedicated to helping women through education and entrepreneurship. In 2013, she became the first female billionaire to join the 'Giving Pledge', a commitment to donate the majority of her wealth to help others who truly need it. To date, there has been more than 100 billionaires that have made this pledge.

3. Learn to grow your investments: Warren Buffett (CEO of Berkeshire Hathaway)

Networth $60.8 Billion (Forbes) "Price is what you pay. Value is what you get." - Warren Buffet Warren Buffett is an American investment wizard and businessman. He started investing in stocks at 11 years old and real estate investing at 14 years old. Before he graduated from high school, he had a few businesses under his built, including a pin ball machine business that he later sold for a handsome profit. He made his first million at the age of 30 and already had about 20 years of business experience under his belt. He grew Berkeshire Hathaway into one of the most valuable companies in the world based on his 'invest what you know' mentality and strategically investing in undervalued businesses for the long term in many industries.

4. Learn to be comfortable with the uncomfortable: Guy Laliberté (Co-founder and Former CEO of Cirque du Soleil)

Networth: $2.1 Billion (Forbes) "I don't believe in pitfalls. I believe in taking risks and not doing the same thing twice." - Guy Laliberté Guy Laliberté is a Canadian entrepreneur, co-founder of Cirque du Soleil and a professional poker player. He is used to being uncomfortable - he started his billionaire dollar journey as a street performer playing the accordion, walking on stilts and eating fire. In 1987, he co-founded a circus troupe in Montreal and took a big risk moving it to Los Angeles to make it big. The move paid off and his troupe became the famous Cirque du Soleil. In 2009, he became the first Canadian space tourist and his spaceflight was dedicated to raising awareness on water issues making it the first, in his words, 'poetic social mission' in space.

5. Learn that circumstances don't matter: Oprah Winfrey (CEO of Oprah Winfrey Network)

Networth: 3 Billion (Forbes) "You become what you believe. You are where you are today in your life based on everything you have believed." - Oprah Winfrey Oprah Winfrey rose from a life of poverty and hardship into one of the most influential and powerful women in the world. She is an American media mogul, producer, talk show host, author and philanthropist. She grew up wearing potato sack dresses when she was living with her grandmother. By the time she was fourteen, she suffered physical abuse, molestation, and the death of her first new born. A few years later, she won a beauty pageant, got her degree in speech and performing arts, became an ABC news anchor - and the rest is history. Her cable network, the Oprah Winfrey Network, is worth billions of dollars.

6. Learn the real value of money: Mark Cuban (Owner of the Dallas Mavericks, Landmark Theatres, Magnolia Pictures and Chairman of AXS TV)

Scroll down to continue reading article Networth: 3 Billion (Forbes) "Sweat equity is the most valuable equity there is. Know your business and industry better than anyone else in the world. Love what you do or don't do it." - Mark Cuban Mark Cuban is an American business guru and investor who understood the true power of money at an early age. Before his billionaire days, he learned to stretch his dollar by living of ketchup and mustard sandwiches, couch surfing, and living on the cheap. In university, he made extra cash teaching dance lessons and hosting disco parties. He lived well below his means so that he could deploy his money on business opportunities. He lived on the cheap for a long time in order to build and grow his businesses and investments into a multi-billion-dollar empire.

7. Learn to be mentally tough: Jack Ma (Founder of China YellowPages and Alibaba)

Networth: 22.2 Billion (Forbes) "Never give up. Today is hard, tomorrow will be worse, but the day after tomorrow will be sunshine." - Jack Ma Jack Ma is a Chinese internet entrepreneur and billionaire. His amazing mental toughness and resilience got him through many failed school exams including university entrance exams, twice. After graduating, he went on to dozens of rejections from jobs including a managerial position at KFC. Before he became rich and famous, he was kidnapped on a business trip to Los Angeles, threatened with a gun, and held captive in Las Vegas with no money before managing to escape. His mental toughness, resilience, extreme determination and passion to achieve his goals eventually paid off and he went on building a mega billion dollar internet empire.

8. Learn to solve complex problems by turning them into something simple and beautiful: Elizabeth Holmes (Founder-CEO, Theranos)

Networth 3.6 Billion (Forbes) "What I really want out of life is to discover something new, something that mankind didn't know was possible to do." - Elizabeth Holmes (at nine years old) Elizabeth Holmes is an American entrepreneur who has dedicated one third of her life to her biotech blood testing company - Theranos. She is also the youngest female self-made billionaire. When she was 19 years old, she dropped out of chemical engineering to start her company because she was afraid of needles and wanted to revolutionize the blood testing industry. After starting out in the basement of her college house, she filed her first patent and worked in secrecy many years. Her company has now disrupted the laboratory industry, performing nearly 10 billion tests a year, and overturned the requirement for needles.

9. Learn the power of curiosity: Zhou Qunfei (Founder of Lens Technology)

Networth: 5.4 Billion (Forbes) "The secret of my success was the desire to learn" - Zhou Qunfei Zhou Qunfei is a self made female billionaire from China who built her glass lens company from the ground up. Her company supplies touchscreen glass to a quarter of all smartphones in the world. When she was 16, due to financial hardship and a need to support her blind father, she dropped out of school to work as an operator in a watch glass company. She learned the ropes of the glass making business before launching her own company in 1993. She self-taught herself at night, relying on books to create different technologies. In 2015, her company went public and made her an overnight billionaire.

10 Self-Made Billionaires In The World That You Should Learn From

Often we have everything in our life planned out, but rarely does it ever go in the direction you&#39;d want it to go. We are never going to get everything we want at the time we want it to happen and that&#39;s okay.
Life takes us somewhere we would never anticipate but timing is everything. When we are patient, humble, and dedicated, we can attain success through and through.

Timing is everything

You do not need to prove anything to anyone. Other people will always have something to say about you but you shouldn&#39;t let this affect your confidence. Only you know who you are and what you&#39;re capable of.
Peace comes when you realize that your happiness is created by you, and remember that a truly happy person will never show it off because humility builds character and it allows one to grow and prosper without stressing about what others think.

Just live and flourish

We must show ourselves compassion and understand that we all have lived life differently.
With how far we&#39;ve come in our journey, have you ever taken a moment to step back and reflect on how you felt about yourself? It&#39;s easy to overlook the importance of understanding ourselves and then compare ourselves to other people and what they&#39;ve achieved at their age, but this only leads to unhappiness and discontentment.

Understand yourself through discipline

We were taught at a young age to not say anything unkind to anyone, but as we grow older and delve deeper into the digital and idealistic age where there is an abundance of platforms to speak on, we speak on things where kindness does not follow.
It is important to keep in mind that not everything needs to be said - negativity, hate, and hurtful critiques; this does not include speaking against government and racism, but more on actively looking for gossip. We must keep good company instead.

Do not participate in negativity

It is inevitable for us not to experience anything in a negative light, and as such, how we respond to these situations determines the outcome of the situation, affecting your mental, emotional, and physical state.
What we choose further only solidifies our morals and values, resulting in who we will grow as individuals in the future. Learn how to treat everything as something you can learn from and you will learn the art of living a balanced and undisturbed life.

Difficulties breed lessons, morals, and wisdom

Stoic philosophers, such as Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus, have written about the inner tranquility, calm and freedom one can achieve when they embrace stoicism. By altering one’s mindset and…

Stoic philosophers, such as Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus, have written about the inner tranquility, calm and freedom one can achieve when they embrace stoicism. By altering one’s mindset and learning that perception and self-discipline are the key to achieving happiness, an individual can attain a peaceful life. However, stoicism receives a bad reputation, as those who practice it are seen as emotionless, withdrawn from the world around them and inherently cynical. This is far from the truth.

True stoics practice the arts of patience, understanding, and moderation in life. Stoicism can help one deal with long term ambitions, heart-breaking failures, unfortunate circumstances, and everyday inconveniences.

These are 5 lessons from Epictetus’s “Enchiridion” (The Handbook) that one can implement in their daily lives in order to achieve true serenity. Maybe after going through this list, stoics will no longer be seen as soulless robots, but as soulful thinkers.

1. Timing is everything

“Remember to act always as if you were at a banquet. When the food or drink comes around, reach out and take some politely; and if it passes you by don’t try pulling it back. And if it has not reached you yet, don’t let your desire run ahead of you, be patient until your turn comes …” — Enchiridion, 15

We have all been told to go after what we want; and to break all the rules and all the boundaries to achieve our desires. But life is complicated and unpredictable. The truth of the matter is, you will not get everything you want at the time you want it. Sometimes you can put in a lot of hard work and do everything in your power to try and achieve your goals, but you still will not succeed. Moreover, sometimes life takes a different direction from what one anticipated. The environment, the circumstances and other people may all have incompatibilities which do not coincide with your dreams.

In reality, the world will not revolve around you or the things that you want. Nonetheless, this does not mean all hope is lost. It is just that the timing is not right. Sometimes it takes time for all the variables to line up and to work in your favor. It takes time for your effort at work to be seen or the love of your life to be at the stage as you are. Rome was not built in a day, and neither can your dreams. Timing is everything; and only when you are patient, humble and dedicated, can success be attained.

2. Just live and flourish

“Never identify yourself as a philosopher or speak much to non-philosophers about your principles; act in line with those principles… sheep don’t bring their grass to the shepherds to prove to them how much they’ve eaten. They digest it inwardly, and outwardly bring forth milk and wool. ” — Enchiridion, 46

My favorite quote from The Handbook is the one that teaches you to be like a sheep. Let me clarify. It teaches that you do not need to prove anything to anyone, but just need to have the self-confidence and tranquility of mind to accept who you are and what you are capable of. Other people will always have something to say about you. Despite this fact, as long as you yourself know your potential and are at peace with it, happiness is a short step away. So only say what is important, do not try to explain to others how much you know or how much you have accomplished. Show them through your actions. If others take you as “ignorant” or “less than”, and you are not affected by it, your journey towards stoic bliss has begun.

Remember that when a truly happy person who is doing more than you and has something that you lack, they will never show it off. Humility builds character; it allows one to grow and prosper without stressing about what others think. They will think something negative regardless; thus, just bring forth milk and wool.

3. Understand yourself through discipline

“Reflect on what is entailed both now and later on before committing to it. You have to submit to discipline… research your role, then assess your capacity to fill it… We are not all cut out for the same thing …” — Enchiridion, 29

Many of us carry out intensive research on the steps we need to take in order to achieve our dreams. According to what others have been doing, we map out our entire lives, become set on a certain lifestyle and do not stop until we reach those ideals. However, through this process, we sometimes forget to take a step back and reflect on how we truly feel. With all the progress we make, and the ups and downs we face along the way, we overlook the importance of understanding ourselves. Is this truly what we are meant to do? Are we capable of this? Can we succeed?

It is beneficial to look towards others for guidance, but we have to understand that we are not all the same, and we experience life differently. Being set on your goals takes a lot of strength, but it takes even more courage to accept that plans change and that your well being is more important than the plan you made a few years ago. Comparing yourself to others will not lead to success and happiness; thus, we must understand what we ourselves are capable of, how we feel about our own circumstances and if we want to change them for a better, more satisfying life.

4. Do not respond to or participate in negativity, especially speech

“Let silence be your goal for the most part; say only what is necessary, and be brief about it… above all don’t gossip about people , blaming or comparing them…” Enchiridion, 33

In The Handbook, Epictetus teaches us about the energy we need to gravitate towards and emulate in our lives. We are taught from a young age that “if you have nothing nice to say, do not say it”; however as we get older, some of us forget this principle. In the digital, idealistic age, politeness and genuine feelings can get lost. There are many platforms to speak on and there is a lot to say, but no kindness to follow suit. However, truthfully, not everything needs to be said. Negativity, hate and hurtful critiques need not be shared or carried forward in our lives. Obviously speaking against arbitrary governments and racist behaviors is necessary for our culture. However, when we actively look to gossip to antagonize one another, society becomes discriminatory and divided.

Thus, we must keep good company and not say every single thing we are thinking. Stoicism does not preach the idea of being emotionless and thoughtless by keeping quiet about our ideas and feelings, but teaches us to be mindful of others and to respect each others’ lifestyles.

5. Difficulties breed lessons, wisdom and morals

“ For every challenge, remember the resources you have within you to cope with it … faced by pain, you will discover the power of endurance. If you are insulted, you will discover patience. In time, you will grow to be confident that there is not a single impression that you will not have the moral means to tolerate.” — Enchiridion, 10

One of the most important ideas that Stoicism preaches is centered around perception. Stoicism teaches us (specifically in Enchiridion’s sections 1, 5 and 13) how a person’s perception shapes their circumstance more than the actual the situation in front of them. In other words, an individual’s emotional and physical response dictates the effect that the event will have on their life. So, as follows, your judgment concerning a challenge or difficulty will determine the outcome of that incident on your mental, emotional and physical state. But more importantly, it will establish what kind of role, and future impact, this event plays in our lives.

Every negative or inconvenient situation tests our values and creates, or solidifies our morals. Wisdom comes from experience, and the principles we choose to live by are a product of the things we learned from our past. So, whether it’s a loss or a heartbreak, a missed opportunity or a failure, you will learn something positive from that event; as a result, you will grow as an individual. Treat everything as something you can learn from, and you will educate yourself on the art of living a balanced, undisturbed life.

Stoic lessons from Epictetus’s Enchiridion to live by daily

A habit is a routine or behavior that is carried out repeatedly and most of the time automatically.
When you are faced with a problem repeatedly, your brain starts to automate the process of solving it. Your habits are sets of automatic solutions that solve the problems you come across regularly.

Habits are mental shortcuts

Goals are good for establishing a direction, but systems are best for making progress.
Goals are about the results you hope to reach. Systems are about the mechanisms that lead to those results.

Focus on systems, not on goals

<ol>
<li>Changing your outcomes. This means changing your results: losing weight, publishing a book, etc.</li>
<li>Changing your process. This means changing your habits and systems: for example, developing a meditation practice.</li>
<li>Changing your identity. This means changing your beliefs: the way you see yourself and the ones around you.</li>
</ol>

The layers of behavior change

James Clear presents strategies to form good habits, break bad ones, and master the tiny behaviors that help lead to an improved life.

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