Protons and eletrons start to form a cloud of hydrogen. This cloud has LOADS of mass and are GIGANTIC. Due to gravity, the atoms around it get attracted to the cloud too. But there is a repulsion between atoms which gets them not into each other. These atoms of hydrogen get attracted to each other hardly due to gravity. These atoms start getting crushed. And then nuclear fusion takes place. 4 hydrogen atoms get together to make 1 helium atom(helium was not like you can take it from anywhere, it had to be created through nuclear fusion).

Jeans mass- this is the minimum mass required for a gas cloud to collapse into a star.In middle of being a gas cloud and being a star, there is a protostar phase. Here the star is not really a star but there is some gas that has been concentrated. Lots of things can happen in this phase.<ol><li>More of mass can be attracted to this protostar and form this star even bigger.</li><li>Not more mass is attracted and the outermost layer of this cloud cools down. Cools down into rocks. Rocks that we now live on.</li></ol>

3. As the fusion takes place, the radiation radiating outwards from the fusion takes the particles with it off the gas cloud and the star may never form. Because the radiation is in the oposite direction of the gravitational pull to collapse. When both are equal, it's called equillibrium.

<ul><li>Our sun will last 10 billion years but a star 10 times bigger than our sun will last 20 million years only.</li></ul>This is because the larger the star, the higher the gravity, the higher the amount of hydrogen to be burnt, the faster you burn, the faster you die. This shows how much important the mass of star is to affect its lifespan.

Fun fact

..., the only thing fusing is the outskirts of the core. Now these hydrogen particles are like "We don't have any core to stick to, where do we go?". So they start repelling each other. Now, as we know, fusion gives radiation. As the star starts to cool down (as more of its mass gets fused), it starts to get bigger because the radiation from the fusion is pushing the outer particles of this star outwards. The outer layer of this star starts radiating outwards because the gravity of this star can't hold it anymore. This colorful outer layer is planetary nebulae. This phase is called red giant.

After the core get fused

As the core is completely fused, it becomes trapped. Its outer layers are gone. This lonely core is called the white dwarf. For a low mass star, this is where you die. The helium particles in this star just radiate outwards slowly and slowly. After some time, they have no power to radiate. This is when it is called the brown dwarf. In astrophysics, brown means no light and white means all colors. Hence, after all of this losing of power it dies. It's pretty sad. :(

The white dwarf

So n high mass stars, after the red giant phase, there is still a hell of a helium to burn. So, this helium slowly fuses to carbon, carbon to something and on and on and on untill (!) you reach Iron. Because iron is very hard to fuse. So here the core, gets done. Now, as there is no radiation pushing outwards. This core (only the coree, not the star) collapses itself into itself. Because there was just gravity pulling it. Creating shock waves with such high energy that they fore iron to fuse into platinum/silver/gold. Some supernova threw gold to our earth.

High mass stars

.., The star can get collapsed into a neutron star. This is the most dense star in the universe. And they rotate very fast (due to conservation of angular momentum). Here the gravity is so immense that nearly 90% of the star's electrons get fused into neutrons. A neutron star of a size of the city of Manhattan can be 2x heavier than our sun.

After collapse

Sometimes this white dwarf starts revollving itself with another main sequence star. This is called binary system. The white dwarf starts to pull energy from the main sequence star, and something (electron degeneracy ressure is defeated by gravity) happens and then the white dwarf collapses. This is called Type 1 A supernova.

After white dwarf

Today we bring back a topic that we haven't spoken about in a long time, astronomy. We dive into the different phases of a star and the different possibilities that are presented once we start to analyze their masses. Enjoy the episode.     Instagram: @math.physics.podcast  Tiktok: @math.physics.podcast  Email: math.physics.podcast@gmail.com  Twitter: @MathPhysPod      HelloFresh:  Link: https://hellofresh-ca.o5kg.net/c/2544961/791027/7893  Code: HFAFF80  Offer: $80 Discount ($50 - $20 - $10) Including Free Shipping on First Box!

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Today we bring back a topic that we haven't spoken about in a long time, astronomy. We dive into the different phases of a star and the different possibilities that are presented once we start to analyze their masses. Enjoy the episode.   Instagram: @math.physics.podcast Tiktok: @math.physics.podcast Email: math.physics.podcast@gmail.com Twitter: @MathPhysPod    HelloFresh: Link: https://hellofresh-ca.o5kg.net/c/2544961/791027/7893 Code: HFAFF80 Offer: $80 Discount ($50 - $20 - $10) Including Free Shipping on First Box!

Two University of Toronto students in the math and physics program discuss interesting topics in the field.

Math & Physics Podcast

Episode #77 - The Life of a Star | Astronomy Part 4

Roger Penrose proposed that the brains's neural system forms an intricate network and that the consciousness this produces should obey the rules of quantum mechanics. Laws of quantum mechanics only apply at looooooooooow temperatures. Ex- quantum computers work at -272 degree celsius.Each neuron contains mocrotubules, helps in transport.. Penrose (and Hameroff) say that these microtubules are arranged in fractal pattern which enables quantum processes to occur.

Proposal

Fractals are structures that are neither two-dimensional nor three-dimensional but are instead some fractional value in between. In mathematics, fractals emerge as beautiful patterns that repeat themselves infinetely, generating what is seemingly impossible: a structure that has a finite area, but an infinite perimeter. This is the raeson they've been chosen. These actually exist in nature. Quantum fractals actually differ from classic fractals. They have been made quantumatically.

Fractals

In the 1990s, long before winning the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for his prediction of black holes, physicist Roger Penrose teamed up with anaesthesiologist Stuart Hameroff to propose an ambitious answer.

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

Physicists explain how the brain might connect to the quantum realm

(You can move to next if you are familiar with the term 'muon'.)OK, you are reading this on your tech device, now imagine zooming it. More and more and more and more and more. So much that you can't even see he pixels, you are in the pixels. now zoom in more and more and more. You will see somethng like the pic, it is called an atom. What is revolving around is called electron. Number of electrons vary from a substance to another substance. Now if you want, you can remove that electron from its orbits around the atom. Now make this electron 200 times bigger, what you get is a 'muon'.

Introduction

Ok, so this muon was thrown in a magnetic field, and FYI, any particle like that woobles in a magnetic field, it dances. So its dance factor (g) was calculated and it was 2. ...., it was very accurate. This was theoretical (without the actual experiment). and then, there was an experimental value which was slightly different from the theoretical. This is shocking because we thought we actually know what quantum particless it creates which make it dance. So, it would be equal with the experiment. We thought gtheory=gexp. NO!Which means there are some things which are needed to be discussed.&nbsp;

Observation

There are 3 theories which can help in equalizing the theoretical g with the experimantal g:<ol><li>A new particle- leptoquark, which can make the muon dance more or less.</li><li>A new set of particles- called supersymmetrical particles. You put an 's' before everything and you get a supersym. particle. So there may smuon affecting muon.</li><li>A new force- the most exciting one. They think there is a new force which is affecting he muon.WOW</li></ol>Some people still won't get it, so I am providing you a link. If you want to learn in an easy way.https://physics.aps.org/articles/v14/47?ref=refindCopy and paste in browser

Conclusion

Listen to this episode from Unexplainable on Spotify. Last month, physicists at Fermilab in Illinois found that tiny subatomic particles called muons were wobbling strangely. This small observation could transform the future of particle physics, potentially pointing toward undiscovered particles or maybe even a new force of nature. For more, go to http://vox.com/unexplainable It’s a great place to sign up for our newsletter, view show transcripts, and read more about the topics on our show. Also, email us! unexplainable@vox.com We read every email. Support Unexplainable by making a financial contribution to Vox! bit.ly/givepodcasts Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

sciencefiction

Science Fiction

artificialintelligence

Artificial Intelligence

A new force of nature?

During the 20th century, scientists would just look at the night sky and imagine How do we know how far a star is and what is its brightness? Because a star which would be very bright wold seem to be very dim if it was very distant from you. Stars pulse too i.e., they blink from bright to dim, they may do that really fast or slow.Henriatta Leavitt clicked photos of a clusters of stars in the sky for a veryyy long period of time, and she discovered a pattern, a pattern which opened all doors of space science. It was:The brighter a star is, the slower it pulses.read it thrice, think about it.

Henriatta Leavitt

Let us understand this- Suppose stars are light bulbs ok? 100 watt bulb=bright star.Now, you see a 100 watt bulb in the sky, but you notice that it pulsing very fast i.e., it is going from bight to dim to bright to dim very fast. But according to Henriatta, a 100 watt bulb would pulse slow (a bright star pulses slow). which means that this is a 30 watt bulb close to the earth, and you see it bright because it is close to you . BINGO!Ex 2- you see a dim star pulsing slowly, which is false cuz Dim pulses fast. Hence, this star is actually very bright but it is far away from you.(Got it?)

Understanding her discovery

Hubble measured the distance to a star which was so far, that the science community declared it to be of somewhere out of the Milky Way Galaxy; the andromeda galaxy.Henriatta indirectly hepled discovering a new galxy, and the expansion of the universe. Hubble noticed that the galaxies are moving apart and apart. This idea completely changed everyone's perception. Before this discovery, it was believed that the cosmos is constant. It has always been there and it never contracts or expands.Assume a balloon with dots on it, you inflate the balloon and the dots move apart. This is an analogy.

The doors she opened

The dots on the balloon move apart, when you blow air in it. What causes the universe to do so or to expand?.It turns out to be dark energy. Scientists know 1 thing about dark energy that they don't know it. Dark energy is 1 of the biggest mysteries, no one can say anything about it. But we know it is causing the universe to expand.So, if the universe is expanding, it would have started with 0, right? I mean imagine the expansion in reverse. This imagination is what gave rise to The big bang theory (about that in another stash)

Beginning and dark energy

If universe has a beginning, it must have an end, right? I mean look at you, you born and you will die. There are 2 ways:<ol><li>The heat death- It states that everything will go sooooooooooooooooooo distant that the entropy would be zero and nothing will interact. And all will die. (More likely)</li><li>The Big Rip- This states that everything will start to rip from the centre. The stars to planets to earth to humans to atoms to quarks. AMD dark energy will cause this. And that's how it will end. (Hoho, hollywood)</li></ol>But relax you won't experience it anyways. 100 billion years to go bro.

The end of the universe

Imagine you throw a ball up in the sky, but instead of coming down, it slows for 1 sec and then shoots off in space like a rocket. What will be your reaction?Scientists had the same reaction when they discovered that the expansion of the universe is speeding up very fast.Because it was thought to be slowing down but it has always been speeding up.Physics is so astonishing.

Speed of the expansion

Listen to this episode from Unexplainable on Spotify. In the early 1900s, Henrietta Leavitt made one of the most important discoveries in the history of astronomy: a yardstick to measure distances to faraway stars. Using this tool, scientists eventually transformed our understanding of the universe. They realized space was expanding, that this expansion was accelerating, and that ultimately, everything will end.  For more, go to http://vox.com/unexplainable It’s a great place to sign up for our newsletter, view show transcripts, and read more about the topics on our show. Also, email us! unexplainable@vox.com We read every email. Support Unexplainable by making a financial contribution to Vox! bit.ly/givepodcasts Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Episode #77 - The Life of a Star | Astronomy Part 4

Physicists explain how the brain might connect to the quantum realm

A new force of nature?

Henrietta Leavitt and the end of the universe

Everything Physics