नमन मेरा उन सुरमाओ को जिन्होनें अपनी लूह से अमर प्रेम कथा लिख ​​दीसम्मान मेरा उन बलिदानियों को जिन्होनें अपने रक्त से इस माटी को चारुता दे दीअर्हण हो एसे शूर वीरों का जिन्हे अग्नि भी जला ना सकी || धन्यवाद ||

भारत माता की जय                 An Epigram To Soldiers 

This Day 40 Central Reserve Police Force [ CRPF ] were Brutally Killed by Terrorists At Lethapora in Pulwama District, Jammu and Kashmir by Sucide Bomber Adil Ahmed Dar 

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I have Recently Join DeSo Community."DeSo is a new layer-1 blockchain built from the ground up to decentralize social media, and scale storage-heavy applications to billions of users."It has Motive to "to scale one of the biggest untapped markets for blockchain: Social Media."BEFORE that Let's Understand What Actually terms like "Decentralize" , "BlockChain Tech " and "Token Economy Mean"For Further info about DeSo's Vision, <a href="https://docs.deso.org/">Read this White Paper</a>Catch me and CREATE and OWN Your and Buy my COIN using MY Referral Code : 3T5ZIYAt <a href="https://node.deso.org/u/29Vedarham">Node DeSo link </a>

DeSo : TIME TO GET DECENTRALIZED

Web3 refers to the 3rd Gen of the World Wide Web, where the focus is on a decentralized and more transparent internet. In web3, the power is shifted from central authorities to the users and their data is stored in a decentralized manner, usually through blockchain technology. This results in a more secure and private internet, where user data is not controlled by a few large corporations.

What is this Web 3 ? And How Secure It IS ?

Decentralization: One of the key features of web3 is decentralization, which means that the data and applications on the internet are not controlled by a single entity. Instead, they are distributed among a network of nodes.Blockchain Technology: Built on blockchain technology, which enables secure and transparent transactions and data storage. This ensures that the data is secure and tamper-proof, and that users have full control over their personal information.Interoperability: meaning that different applications and systems can easily communicate with each other with seamless Experience.

What is it's Basis and Features Of Web 3 

In a token economy, digital assets, called tokens, are used as a form of currency within decentralized applications and platforms. These tokens can be bought, sold, and traded, and they serve as a means of exchange within the platform. They can also be used to access certain services or products within the platform.It Enables<ul><li>The creation of new business models and revenue streams</li><li>Provides a new way for users to participate in and benefit from decentralized platforms</li><li>Tokens can be used to incentivize certain behaviors such as contributing content or participating in governance decisions.</li></ul>

What Is TOKEN ECONOMY  ?

Web2, on the other hand, refers to the second generation of the World Wide Web, where the focus was on creating a more interactive and user-friendly web.In web2, dynamic websites and social media platforms emerged, and the internet became more accessible to a wider range of people. However, web2 is characterized by centralization and control of user data by a few large corporations.

What is Web 2 Then?

Web3 aims to create a decentralized and more secure internet, while web2 is characterized by centralization and control of user data by a few large corporations. Which obviously Threatens One's Privacy and Security in WEB 2.

What makes Web 3 Dominate over Web 2 ?

Blockchain technology is a decentralized, distributed ledger that records transactions across a network of computers. It was first introduced as the underlying technology for Bitcoin, but it has since been adopted for a variety of other uses. It allows for secure and transparent transactions and data storage, by creating a decentralized, distributed ledger that is publicly available and tamper-proof.

What is BlockChain Tech ?

Anything that can conceive of as a supply chain, blockchain can vastly improve its efficiency- it doesn’t matter if its people, numbers, data, money.Ginni Rometty, CEO IBM

Transactions: It is initiated when a user requests to transfer an asset to another user.This transaction is then broadcasted to the network.Blocks: The transactions are grouped together into blocks and verified by nodes,or computers,in the network.This verification process ensures that the transactions are valid and conform to the rules set by the network.Cryptographic Hash:Each block is assigned a unique cryptographic hash,which is a string of characters that serves as a digital fingerprint for the block.The hash of the previous block is included in the new block,forming a chain of blocks.

How Does it Work then ?

Distributed Ledger: Once a block is verified and added to the chain, it is distributed to all nodes in the network. This creates a decentralized, distributed ledger that is publicly available and transparent.Immutable: Once a block is added to the chain, it cannot be altered or deleted. This makes the blockchain a secure and tamper-proof ledger, as any attempt to change the data in a block would require changing the hash of all subsequent blocks, which is computationally infeasible.

And then...

<ul><li>Increased Security, as there is no single point of failure that can be targeted by hackers.</li><li>It also helps to promote transparency and accountability, as all transactions are publicly available and recorded on the blockchain.</li><li>Additionally, decentralization helps to empower users and gives them more control over their personal data and privacy.</li></ul>

Benefits of DecentraliZation...

In a decentralized system, decisions are made through consensus, where the network reaches agreement on the state of the ledger and the validity of transactions. This helps to ensure that the network is secure and that all users have an equal say in how the network operates.Overall, decentralization is a key aspect of blockchain technology and web3, and it represents a major shift away from centralized systems and a more equitable distribution of power and control.

It Makes Everyone Equivalent

Yes, you can still be a part of the web3 and blockchain ecosystem without investing. Here are Ways to do so:<ul><li>Learn: To get started, it's important to learn about the basics of blockchain technology, web3, and the token economy. Which I have Mentioned on Basic Level for You.</li><li>Explore Decentralized Applications or dApps and , Join and Engage yourself to Communities.</li><li>Attend Conferences and Meetups: Attending conferences and meetups can help you learn more about the web3 and blockchain space and connect with others who are interested in the technology.</li><li>One of such is DeSo (Decentralized Social Media)</li></ul>

I don't Want to Invest but wanna be a Part of it CAN I?

It's Time to Get Decentralized. DeSo Community Can help But before that Let's Understand What Decentralized, Blockchain Technology , Token Economy mean and What is WEB 3 for Learners. Trusting You may Love It. Do check My Bio and Follow me. Sources of Info , DeSo, ChatGPT and Random Sites..

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TIME TO GET DECENTRALIZED

Ayurveda is considered by many scholars to be the oldest healing science. In Sanskrit, Ayurveda means “The Science of Life.” Ayurvedic knowledge originated in India more than 5,000 years ago and is often called the “Mother of All Healing.” It stems from the ancient Vedic culture and was taught for many thousands of years in an oral tradition from accomplished masters to their disciples.Some of this knowledge was set to print a few thousand years ago,but much of it is inaccessible.

Ayurveda: The SCIENCE Of LIFE

The principles of many of the natural healing systems now familiar in the West have their roots in Ayurveda, including Homeopathy and Polarity Therapy.Ayurveda places great emphasis on prevention and encourages the maintenance of health through close attention to balance in one’s life, right thinking, diet, lifestyle and the use of herbs. Knowledge of Ayurveda enables one to understand how to create this balance of body, mind and consciousness according to one’s own individual constitution and how to make lifestyle changes to bring about and maintain this balance.

Your Constitution and Its Inner Balance

Just as everyone has a unique fingerprint, each person has a particular pattern of energy—an individual combination of physical, mental and emotional characteristics—which comprises their own constitution. This constitution is determined at conception by a number of factors and remains the same throughout one’s life.Many factors, both internal and external, act upon us to disturb this balance and are reflected as a change in one’s constitution from the balanced state. Examples of these emotional and physical stresses include one’s emotional state, diet and food choices, seasons and weather,

One’s Original Constitution 

physical trauma,work and family relationships. Once these factors are understood,one can take appropriate actions to nullify or minimize their effects or eliminate the causes of imbalance and re-establish one’s original constitution. Balance is the natural order; imbalance is disorder.Health is order;disease is disorder.Within the body there is a constant interaction between order and disorder. When one understands the nature and structure of disorder,one can re-establish order.Ayurveda identifies three basic types of energy or functional principles that are present in everyone and everything.

Since there are no single words in English that convey these concepts, we use the original Sanskrit words vata, pitta and kapha. These principles can be related to the basic biology of the body.Energy is required to create movement so that fluids and nutrients get to the cells, enabling the body to function.Energy is also required to metabolize the nutrients in the cells, and is called for to lubricate and maintain the structure of the cell.

Health is order ; Disease is disorder

Vata is the energy of movement; pitta is the energy of digestion or metabolism and kapha, the energy of lubrication and structure. All people have the qualities of vata, pitta and kapha, but one is usually primary, one secondary and the third is usually least prominent. The cause of disease in Ayurveda is viewed as a lack of proper cellular function due to an excess or deficiency of vata, pitta or kapha. Disease can also be caused by the presence of toxins.In Ayurveda, body, mind and consciousness work together in maintaining balance. They are simply viewed as different facets of one’s being.

To learn how to balance the body, mind and consciousness requires an understanding of how vata, pitta and kapha work together. According to Ayurvedic philosophy the entire cosmos is an interplay of the energies of the five great elements—Space, Air, Fire, Water and Earth. Vata, pitta and kapha are combinations and permutations of these five elements that manifest as patterns present in all creation. In the physical body, vata is the subtle energy of movement, pitta the energy of digestion and metabolism, and kapha the energy that forms the body’s structure.

How PANCHADHATU AFFECT

Vata is the subtle energy associated with movement  — composed of Space and Air. It governs breathing, blinking, muscle and tissue movement, pulsation of the heart, and all movements in the cytoplasm and cell membranes. In balance, vata promotes creativity and flexibility. Out of balance, vata produces fear and anxiety.Pitta expresses as the body’s metabolic system  — made up of Fire and Water.It governs digestion,absorption,assimilation,nutrition, metabolism and body temperature. In balance, pitta promotes understanding and intelligence. Out of balance,pitta arouses anger,hatred and jealousy.

Kapha is the energy that forms the body’s structure — bones, muscles, tendons — and provides the “glue” that holds the cells together, formed from Earth and Water. Kapha supplies the water for all bodily parts and systems.It lubricates joints,moisturizes the skin, and maintains immunity. In balance, kapha is expressed as love, calmness and forgiveness. Out of balance, it leads to attachment, greed and envy.Life presents us with many challenges and opportunities.Although there is much over which we have little control,we do have the power to decide about some things,such as diet and lifestyle.

To maintain balance and health, it is important to pay attention to these decisions. Diet and lifestyle appropriate to one’s individual constitution strengthen the body, mind and consciousness.The basic difference between Ayurveda and Western allopathic medicine is important to understand.

Ayurveda VS Allopathy

and primarily uses drugs and surgery to rid the body of pathogens or diseased tissue. Many lives have been saved by this approach. In fact, surgery is encompassed by Ayurveda. However, drugs, because of their toxicity, often weaken the body. Ayurveda does not focus on disease. Rather, Ayurveda maintains that all life must be supported by energy in balance. When there is minimal stress and the flow of energy within a person is balanced, the body’s natural defense systems will be strong and can more easily defend against disease.

It must be emphasized that Ayurveda is not a substitute for Western allopathic medicine. There are many instances when the disease process and acute conditions can best be treated with drugs or surgery. Ayurveda can be used in conjunction with Western medicine to make a person stronger and less likely to be afflicted with disease and/or to rebuild the body after being treated with drugs or surgery.

We all have times when we don’t feel well and recognize that we’re out of balance. Sometimes we go to the doctor only to be told there is nothing wrong. What is actually occurring is that this imbalance has not yet become recognizable as a disease. Yet it is serious enough to make us notice our discomfort. We may start to wonder whether it is just our imagination. We may also begin to consider alternative measures and actively seek to create balance in our body, mind and consciousness.

Ayurveda encompasses various techniques for assessing health. The practitioner carefully evaluates key signs and symptoms of illness, especially in relation to the origin and cause of an imbalance. They also consider the patient’s suitability for various treatments. The practitioner arrives at diagnosis through direct questioning, observation and a physical exam, as well as inference. Basic techniques such taking the pulse, observing the tongue, eyes and physical form; and listening to the tone of the voice are employed during an assessment.

Palliative and cleansing measures, when appropriate, can be used to help eliminate an imbalance along with suggestions for eliminating or managing the causes of the imbalance. Recommendations may include the implementation of lifestyle changes; starting and maintaining a suggested diet; and the use of herbs. In some cases, participating in a cleansing program, called panchakarma, is suggested to help the body rid itself of accumulated toxins to gain more benefit from the various suggested measures of treatment

....

In summary, Ayurveda addresses all aspects of life — the body, mind and spirit. It recognizes that each of us is unique, each responds differently to the many aspects of life, each possesses different strengths and weaknesses. Through insight, understanding and experience Ayurveda presents a vast wealth of information on the relationships between causes and their effects, both immediate and subtle, for each unique individual.

Summ

Ayurveda means "Science of Life" in Sanskrit. Ayurvedic knowledge dates back over 5,000 years in India and is known as the "Mother of All Healing."

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Ayurveda: The Mother of All Healing |A Brief Introduction and Guide |

Quantum mechanics doesn’t predict a single solid result when undergoing an observation. On the contrary, it predicts a number of different possible outcomes. Similarly, entropy is a measure of the number of possible arrangements the atoms in a system can have. And when trying to take both these into consideration, we land in the world of multiple possibilities — one of them being Anti-Universe .It was Paul Dirac who predicted that the electron has a partner — an antielectron or simply, a positron. Carl D. Anderson while analyzing cosmic rays, discovered the positron.

Anti Universe 

<ul><li>1932 — positrons or anti-electrons were discovered.</li><li>1955 — anti-protons discovered.</li><li>1995 — Scientists at CERN discovered even anti-atoms — these are the anti-matter counterpart of an atom. They don’t last much longer. These survived just for 40- billionths of a second before coming into contact with ordinary matter and annihilating.</li></ul>

Pages In History 

the following properties of the newly discovered positron:The mass equals the mass of the electron. The charge has the same magnitude as the electron’s charge but is positive instead of negative. The particle is always created in pairs with electrons. When this particle collides with an electron, both annihilate.

Anderson noticed

So,in a nutshell, the discovery of positron proved Dirac’s theory right.We know that every particle has an exact antiparticle too,with which it would finally annihilate.It is now known that all the so-called elementary particles have antimatter counterparts.As per, E=mc²,the collision between positron and electron,transforms their masses into energy. Matter and antimatter cannot coexist at close range for more than a small fraction of a second,so when coming into contact they collide and annihilate each other—giving off large amounts of energy in the form of gamma rays or elementary particles.

What Will Happen When Anti-particles And Particles Meet?

The concept is beautifully stated in Stephen Hawking’s, Our Brief History Of Time, where he says, “There could be whole antiworlds and antipeople made up of antiparticles. If you meet your antiself, don’t shake hands! You would both vanish in a great flash of light.”

It is evident that our universe barely contains any anti matter but we know( theoritically) that during the big bang matter formation had to be accompanied by anti-matter formation. (Also the reverse process is possible i.e when matter and anti matter annihilate energy is produced) . So there might arise a question in the back of your mind saying, ‘if matter and antimatter annihilate each other, then where does the present matter in the universe come from?’

Reverse IS Possible

The answer to this question is equally interesting. Scientists say that most of the particles created in the early universe were annihilated by anti-particles. But, some of these (one in a billion) particles had no matching anti-particles. So these particles survived to form the matter we observe in the present moment today, inside stars and galaxies.Even Schrödinger’s cat and quantum decoherence states that two state continue to exist separate and decoherent from each other, creating a new branch of reality based upon the two outcomes.

It’s the most important part of this article as the genesis of anti-universe theory has basis in it. We know our all the laws of physics took birth in symmetries. Physics has identified a set of fundamental symmetries in nature. Some scientists believe the symmetry properties exist in our physical reality because our physical reality is a mathematical structure.CPT symmetry has been recognized as the fundamental property of physical laws. There are three factors understood to be symmetrical throughout the universe — The three most important symmetries are: charge (if you flip

CPT symmetry

the charges of all the particles involved in interaction to their opposite charge, you’ll get the same interaction); parity (if you look at the mirror image of interaction, you get the same result); and time (if you run an interaction backward in time, it looks the same).At the particle level, the universe appears CPT symmetric. The general notion is that a physical system(made up of particles) will follow the same laws as an identical system made up of anti-particles like a mirror image of one another.

To preserve the CPT symmetry throughout the cosmos, there must be a mirror-image cosmos that just balances out our own. Not only this universe would have all opposite charges than we have, be flipped in the mirror, but anti-particles will run backward in time. Scientists predict that particles moving backward in time, must still behave in the same way and obey the same laws as they did before getting flipped. Our universe has a twin. Taken together, the two universes obey CPT symmetry.

First of all, let’s understand the neutrino as these forms the basis for understanding the anti-universe. We’ll learn how certain neutrinos’ discovery could provide evidence of the anti-universe theory.An atom is made up of electrons with a negative charge — these electrons are bound around the nucleus( the center of atom) — nucleus itself is made up of protons(having a positive charge) and neutrons(with no charge). Now protons and neutrons aren’t elementary particles. They're made up of smaller particles called quarks — up quark and down quark. In addition

Neutrino

to these, some stable ghostlike particles called electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tau neutrinos have been discovered — they don’t interact with ordinary matter. Neutrinos are high-energy particles that pass through most solid objects without anyone even getting noticed. Neutrinos constantly bombard Earth and studies point out that 100 trillion neutrinos pass through your body every second without posing any threat to us.As per their nature, they rarely interact with matter. But if they do smash into an atom, they produce a shower of secondary particles that

Neutrinos 

we can detect, which allows us to probe where they came from in the universe. (ANITA experiment detected these which we’ll cover later in the article.)There are three known neutrino: the electron-neutrino , muon-neutrino and tau-neutrino . It’s well known that the three of these neutrino flavors are left-handed (referring to the direction of its spin relative to its motion). All other particles known to physics have both left- and right-handed varieties, so physicists believe there might be additional right-handed neutrinos.

In 2020, Neil Turock of the Perimeter Institute in Canada says, ‘when our big bang expansion of a matter universe happened, at the same time it created a collapsing antimatter universe containing this unwanted antimatter to be bound up in a singularity and hidden from us.’ He further says the anti-universe would stretch back in time from the Big Bang, getting bigger as it does so, and would be dominated by antimatter as well as having its spatial properties inverted compared to those in our universe

Recent Discovery

Electric fields can create particle-anti-particle pairs out of the vacuum. So his theory is built on the idea that it’s possible to drag the universe out of nothing. The implication of this model is that there would be two sides to universe — matter as well as anti-matter. He further says that considering all the concepts in Physics, the model works perfectly fine, and even this model provides the simplest explanation of the dark matter.

Dark matter is the most mysterious thing in the entire universe in a way how it affects ordinary matter. CPT symmetry is the only theory that explains dark matter more than any other theory. Some scientists believe the presence of fourth type of neutrino(undetected) — often termed a sterile neutrino . The electron, muon, and tau neutrinos are all left-handed. The Standard Model assumes that, unlike other particles, neutrinos don’t have such partners. But the CPT-symmetric universe disagrees, indicating they should have those partners.

Explaining Dark matter

— These are also known by the name inert neutrinos. These are hypothetical particles that are believed to not interact via any other fundamental interaction of the standard model except gravity. These are the neutrinos considered right-handed . For a particle regarded as a dark matter candidate, there are certain conditions to be kept in mind — it must’ve non zero mass and no electromagnetic charge — so it makes neutrinos strong contenders.

To comply with the theory of dark matter, scientists believe there exists not just one type of sterile neutrino but three such types.In 2018, MiniBooNE experiment, reported a stronger neutrino oscillation signal — pointing towards the possibility of finding sterile neutrinos. But it couldn’t.

Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) experiment has been designed to study ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrinos by detecting the radio pulses emitted by their interactions with the Antarctic ice sheet. This is to be accomplished using an array of radio antennas suspended from a helium balloon flying approximately at a height of about 37,000 meters.Usually particles and photons interact at high energies with microwave background photons — making them unable to propagate. None of the known Standard Model particles should have been able to fly all the way through the

ANITA Experiment

Earth and burst out the other side at such high energies, but that’s what ANITA seemed to be detecting. These findings can’t be explained by our current understanding of physics. Some physicists believe ANITA might have detected the sterile neutrinos that are directly coming from the parallel universe that runs backwards in time. While there are other scientists who don’t believe in the presence of parallel universe running backwards in time.

T2K is a neutrino experiment designed to investigate how neutrinos change from one type or flavour to another as they travel (neutrino oscillations). An intense beam of muon neutrinos is generated at the J-PARC nuclear physics site on the East coast of Japan and directed across the country to the Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector(uses water to detect neutrinos and works upon the principle of cherenkov radiation — in layman terms, produces sort of shockwaves of light similar to sonic boom and we measure the light)in the mountains of western Japan.

T2K Experiment

The beam is measured — the change in the measured intensity and composition of the beam is used to provide information on the properties of neutrinos. Scientific concepts pass through three stages before they’re accepted as reality. The first stage involves being ignored — nobody take these theories seriously. The second stage involves extreme criticism — violent stage. The third stage is the most fruitful stage as involves the theory being tagged as reality — widely accepted, and given utmost respect. The anti universe theory is probably in the first or in the second stage.

It’ll take time and detection of unknown particles, the right handed neutrinos, especially the sterile neutrino to prove the theory right.

Quantum mechanics doesn’t predict a single solid result when undergoing an observation. On the contrary, it predicts a number of different possible outcomes. Similarly, entropy is a measure of the…

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The Anti-Universe

The relationship between matter and space gave rise to many interesting phenomena. We know two basic properties of matter — matter resists change (that’s how its mass is defined — Mass of the matter is the property that allows matter to resist a change in motion), and matter always remains conserved . It simply means, matter can’t be created or destroyed, yet it can only change forms. The holographic principle is one way or the other, related to the second property of matter.Some scientists believe we might actually be living in a hologram.

Blackhole Information Paradox 

Even the laws of nature become easy to understand when applied to two-dimensions than in three-dimensions, they say. They’ve arrived at the conclusion after a series of mathematical calculations. Don’t worry! It’s just a theoretical concept, that could come out as a reality. Live your life as you’ve lived so long, in a three-dimensional world, without the limitations of a hologram.

The idea that our Universe might be a hologram came out of the conception of String Theory. Holographic principle — According to this principle , all the information, which makes up our 3D ‘reality’ (plus time) is contained in a 2D surface on its boundaries. The holographic principle says that everything that happens in a space can be explained in terms of information that’s somehow stored on the surface of that space. Before jumping on the Holographic principle, we’re going to understand the hologram so that the principle could be easily grasped.

Holographic Principle

A hologram is a three-dimensional image reproduced from a pattern of interference produced by a split coherent beam of radiation (such as a laser). A simple example of a hologram is a glittering hologram on your credit card.

What is a hologram? 

You might be thinking, “why we’re concentrating so much on this weird principle, right?” There are complex things that couldn’t be explained otherwise without predicting our universe and reality working as per the Holographic principle. For example, the problem of combining quantum mechanics, and Einstein’s theory of relativity is one of the hardest problems in physics. Quantum mechanics is a theory that describes things at a fine scale, like atoms or much finer. On the contrary, Einstein’s theory of relativity forms the basis to understand the gravity and the universe on a grand scale.

Why Holographic Principle?

We can’t combine both of these theories. Some scientists believe the only way to do so is through the Holographic Universe principle.At the beginning of this article, we discussed the two basic properties of matter, particularly the second one, that is to say, conservation of mass. Now we’re going to relate this property with the Holographic principle. Here we go…

In the 18th century, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier’s work provided physics with great insight into the matter. Lavoisier along with his wife, Marie Anne, experimented with matter and came to the conclusion that matter can’t be destroyed; it just changes from one form to another. The principle became famous as the principle of conservation of mass .So, in a nutshell, nothing is lost. I

Principle of Conservation of mass

In fact, even Quantum mechanics says, information never gets destroyed no matter what. It can change its form, but never gets completely lost. Blackhole — A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing — no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light — can escape from it. Anything with a mass can become a black hole, once the mass is compressed infinitesimally. Our Sun can also become a black hole once compressed to a size of three kilometers in radius.

Black Hole

Event horizon — it’s the boundary of the region of space-time from which nothing in our universe could escape, not even light. It acts as a one-way portal, around the black hole. Objects or matter can fall through the event horizon into the black hole, but it’s never the other way around, that is to say, nothing could ever come out of the event horizon. In simple words, the event horizon is the tip or edge of the river from where the water falls in a water fall plunge pool. If anything falls from this tip or edge, it’d go inside, forever without any possibility of return.

Event Horizon

American physicist John Wheeler published a theory in 1973, saying Black Holes are ‘hairless’. In simple terms, it means that there is no trace of any mass around the Black Hole and nothing can be retraced from within a black hole.

In the year 1981, the famous scientist Stephen Hawking predicted something unusual happening at the event horizon. He predicted that information is being torn apart or the information is being destroyed forever — called the Black hole Information Paradox — in turn, violating the laws of physics. Consider the black hole as an eternal eraser or a delete key on your keyboard — as their function is to get rid of information similar is the case of a black hole.(Note: Information here means the arrangement of particles, and details of the state in a definite way.

BHIP

The elementary particles that make up the information are same but their way or manner of binding together undergoes a change in comparison to their earlier state. )In a nutshell, the holographic principle is a try to prove that Hawking’s conclusion was incorrect, and that information is in fact preserved.

Three possibilities arise when we try to solve the black hole information paradox, and these possibilities are:<ul><li>The information is lost forever — then we’d need to reformulate our laws of physics </li><li>The information is hidden — the information passes through the black hole to the other side in another universe from a white hole(in case it exists) </li><li>The information is not lost forever and it’s safe </li></ul>Gerard t’ Hooft, Leonard Suskind, and Juan Maldacena tried to solve the information paradox. They tried to work upon the third possibility.

Possibilities for solving this paradox

They were successful in proving that information is not lost forever in a black hole, but is retained on the surface of the event horizon. This information stays on a two-dimensional surface of a black hole like a hologram. This in layman’s language is called the Holographic principle.

Scientists discovered that when quantum gravitational corrections are taken into account, matter collapsing into a black hole leaves an impression in the black hole’s gravitational field. Professor Xavier Calmet of the University of Sussex described this impression as “quantum hair” in an article published in the journal Physics Letters B.The researchers looked at the gravitational fields of two stars with similar total masses and radii but differing compositions.

Recent research on the black hole information paradox

The two stars have the same gravitational potential at the classical level, but the potential varies depending on the star’s composition at the quantum level. When stars collide to form black holes, their gravitational fields keep the memory of what they were comprised of.

The Fermilab Holometer is intended to be the world’s most sensitive laser interferometer, surpassing the sensitivity of even the GEO600 and LIGO systems, and theoretically able to detect holographic fluctuations in spacetime. Holometer has begun collecting data that will help determine whether the universe fits the holographic principle.There’s a point where our fundamental physics stops making any sense in terms of explaining reality. The objects, matter, even light starts behaving in an abnormal manner. Questions like “What are we?” “Where are we?” “Why are we?”

Holometer Experiment

starts to dominate even more at this point. Many physicists believe that the holographic principle will be one of the fundamental physical principles that will allow insights into a greater understanding of reality. Understanding the implications of Holographic Principle means understanding the profound aspects of our reality at the most fundamental level that is otherwise hidden….

The relationship between matter and space gave rise to many interesting phenomena. We know two basic properties of matter — matter resists change(that’s how its mass is defined — Mass of the matter…

Holographic Universe Principle

Music. Vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion. 68% of adults aged between 18 and 34 years old reported listening to music every day, and the majority of their older peers also enjoyed music with the same regularity. music is to feed our souls, but sometimes, short pieces of music can stuck in our ears or our heads, repeating itself over and over until you wish to tear your ears out. It’s Called an Earworm . But why? how do songs get stuck to your head, and more importantly… How do we get rid of them?

Let's Begin

Earworm, Sticky song syndrome, or most commonly Involuntary Musical Imagery (INMI). At best, it means that the song is catchy. At worst, it means replaying over and over until you get annoyed of that song. The word “Earworm” is a calque from the german word “Ohrwurm” which means the exact same thing.Over 90% of people are plagued by earworms once a week, and 23% experience them several times a day, most of them are either singers or music producers. Live music is more likely to stay in your head than recorded music, because it includes some visual elements that could help you remember the song

Earworm…???

again whenever you encounter these elements again.When we listen to a song, it triggers a part of the brain called The auditory cortex, which makes the listener automatically fills the rest of the song, and to have that song in their mind they had to scratch that part of the brain so the song repeats itself over and over, here… earworm occurs.Researcher Vicky Williamson says that our brains could also be triggered by experiences that trigger the memory of a song, it’s called the involuntary memory,

Why do we have Earworms?

such as seeing a word that reminds one of the song, hearing a few notes from the song, or feeling an emotion one associates with the song, all these may lead you to remember the song but in a way that shocks our brains so it gets stuck in our heads for a period of time.

Musicologist Dr. Alison Pawley and psychologist Dr. Daniel Mullensiefen out at the University of London have done researches on what makes a song catchy, their conclusion was that there are four traits that make a song catchy:<ol><li>Longer and detailed musical phrases . The breath a vocalist takes as they sing a line is crucial to creating a sing-along-able tune. The longer a vocal in one breath, the more likely we are to sing along.</li><li>A Higher number of pitches in the chorus hook . The more sounds there are, the more infectious a song becomes. </li></ol>

A Catchy song

Combining longer musical phrases and a hook over three different pitches was found to be key to sing-along success.4. Male vocalists . Singing along to a song may be a subconscious war cry, tapping into an inherent tribal part of our consciousness. Psychologically we look to men to lead us into battle, so it could be in our intuitive nature to follow male-fronted songs. 5. Higher male voices with noticeable vocal effort . This indicates high energy and purpose, particularly when combined with a smaller vocal range (Freddie Mercury of Queen and Jon Bon Jovi).

Sometimes, earworms can be annoying, not the song but that non stopping repetition. Well… earworms usually disappear by itself, but a few techniques have been found to help.<ol><li>Listen to the whole song. Since earworms are usually only a fragment of music, playing all the song would stop the process of auto-completing the song and therefore getting rid of the earworm</li><li>Replace it with another piece of music. I know this isn’t an efficient solution, you just replaced an earworm by another, but at least it’s a new tune XD. </li></ol>

How to get rid of earworms?

3. Chew gum! Chewing gum activates the motor cortex , which is used when you imagine music, almost as if you are imagining what it feels like to sing the song out loud. Chewing gum interferes with this process.4. Play puzzles (Sudoku, Chess, Anagrams…), Scientists found that engaging memory in difficult work is an effective way of stopping earworms and reducing their recurrence.

Music. Vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion. 68% of adults aged between 18 and 34 years old reported…

Understand yourself and those around you.

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Psychology

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Music

Why is that song stuck in my head?

A world lived by atoms was constructed using quantum mechanics. In condensed matter physics , crystal mediums are represented as lattice models in the presence of magnetic and electric fields (or both) . In this model, when the set of equations (Harper’s Equation) describes the motion of the individual (non-interacting) electron is solved under particular boundary conditions and if the graph of external magnetic field corresponding to the solutions (energy) is plotted, we see the butterfly fractal pattern (Hofstadter Butterfly) which is quite interesting.

We will look at how discovered the Hoftstadter Butterfly fractal pattern in quantum physics.

, we will examine the Hall Effect , which is the initial discovery of the main problem (the motion of the electron in a crystal medium) and the Hofstadter Butterfly , which is the solution of the same effect in the subatomic world.

A one of the most interesting phenomena (Hall voltage) in physics was first observed by Edwin Hall in 1879. Let’s imagine that we have a horizontal conductive plate(Hall element)and with the help of any power source we supply current to the plate in a particular direction. So we will have electrons carrying current along a straight line on the plate.Now,apply external magnetic field perpendicular to the plate.Since the magnetic field exerts a magnetic force(Lorentz force) on a charged particle,the moving electrons and the protons will move towards the edges of the plate in opposite directions.

1. HALL EFFECT

Potential difference is required for the existence of voltage in a particular direction. In our experiment, electrons and protons stacked on opposite sides to create a potential difference perpendicular to the current. This voltage is called the Hall voltage . Also, this phenomena is called the classical Hall effect.

The version of the Hall effect in the subatomic world is called the quantum Hall effect. We should expect to observe the classic Hall effect at low magnetic field, room temperature and at very high magnetic fields (about 10 Tesla) , very low temperatures (about 100 Kelvin) expect to observe the quantum Hall effect. The main difficult problem, which is the main theme of the article, is rather than explaining the classical Hall effect to be able to explain what happens to an electron that can move forward withoutscattering in the presence of a magnetic field.

2. QUANTUM HALL EFFECT

In quantum mechanics, classically forbidden phenomena are likely to occur. For any particle to pass over a potential barrier , it needs energy . If the energy of a particle is lower than the potential barrier , the particle is trapped there. In other words, it is not possible for the particle to pass over the barrier in the classical sense. But quantum mechanics says that even in such a case there is a possibility that the particle is outside the potential barrier . We’re talking about a kind of particle teleportation .

2.1. QUANTUM TUNELLING

The main reason why we don’t think of teleportation as a spontaneous natural event is that it never happens in daily life (by the laws of classical mechanics). Because the wavelength of the wave (or particle) much less than the width of the barrier . This also decreases the probability . That’s why you can never teleport to the other side of the wall, even if you wait your whole life with your hand on the wall.

In the quantum mechanics, every particle is also a wave . As we know from daily life, light waves (photon particles) scatter as they pass through raindrops and formed a rainbow. We assume that an electron does not undergo such scattering due to its movement in the crystal lattice medium. Our other most remarkable assumption is the tight-binding approach. According to this approach, electrons can only tunnelling into the nearest neighboring atomic orbitals. Thus, we make our work easier by ignoring interactions with distant neighbors.

What do we mean by scatter ?

Multidimensional lattice, a mathematical structure for molecules, was modeled in condensed matter physics (solid state physics) which is a sub-area of physics to solve the problem. In this model, we can imagine the lattice (can be of any geometry) with atoms in point form at each corner.

2.2. HARPER EQUATION

In the context of this model, the mathematical equation describing the motion of a single electron living on a two-dimensional square lattice is called the Harper equation . It was studied by Rudolf Peierls andR. G. Harper in the 1950s. There is something that makes the equation very special: the alpha values included in the equation. The striking results of the difference in the number sets (rational or irrational) to which alpha belongs… By definition, the alpha value is the ratio of the quantum flux (a definition in the literature) to the magnetic flux passing through each plate.

Since the ratio will still give the magnetic field unit, the alpha value is the external magnetic field itself. The results will differ depending on whether the value of the external magnetic field is rational or irrational . Here, the flux can be thought of as magnetic field lines pass through a unit surface and the magnetic flux is proportional to the magnetic field lines passing through the surface.

All that remains in solving the problem is to solve the finite set of Harper equations using numerical solution (computational) techniques. In other words determining the energy values in each of the equations in this finite set. It was solved byDougles R. Hofstadter in 1976.Now that we have the solutions, let’s look at their dependence on external magnetic field (alpha values) . Let’s consider alpha values a rational number. In other words, the magnetic field that we apply to the system should only be in rational values. In this case, if the energy solutions corresponding to each alpha values

2.3. SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM

(energy as a function of alpha) are plotted, we will see the Hofstadter Butterfly , which similar to butterfly wings.Note that the graph is symmetrical with respect to the zero of the energy and alpha = 1/2 value. The symmetry presents us an image similar to the patterns on the wings of a butterfly in nature. Additionally, the larger the set of equations being studied, the butterfly pattern (solutions) will become sharper .As can be seen from the graphs above, the most important reason why Harper’s equation is to be worked only numerically is that it contains too many points (solutions)

and naturally too many equations.Let’s take a closer look to see one of the beautiful details of theHofstadter Butterfly . You can clearly see the band separations in the left graph above. It is the number in the denominator of the alpha value that determines how many times the bands will be split . If alpha = 1/3 , we see decompositions into three , and if alpha=9/11 , we see decomposition into eleven and so on... Band corners joins at alpha=1/2 and energy=0 solution, thus we saw single band .

Let’s take a closer look to see one of the beautiful details of 

In other words, let’s choose the external magnetic field we apply not rational , but only irrational . What can change, you might say. After all, there is only 0.5 difference between alpha=1/2 and alpha=1 . But that is not the case. The very interesting thing is that the butterfly only occurs for rational alpha values! If we plot the solutions of Harper’s equation corresponding to the irrational values of alpha ; we get nothing more than horizontal arrays of dots !

If we look at the graph below, we see visually sense pointless results for irrational alpha values . But, as we saw in the previous graph,Hofstadter Butterflies lives in the white regions (range of rational values) of the graph below.

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Just as different types of butterflies exist in nature, the Hofstadter Butterfly is not unique in physics. Naturally, fractal patterns will be different in systems that exhibit different behaviors under different types of features. Above, we only talked about two-dimensional square lattice model solutions. For example, if we analyzed hexagonal (honeycomb) or triangular lattice structures using similar numerical methods under a magnetic field, we would get different graphs. Just like bent, twisted and modified versions of the Hofstadter Butterfly.

2.4. ALTERNATIVE BUTTERFLIES

We will look at how discovered the Hofstadter Butterfly fractal pattern is discovered in the quantum physics.

A BUTTERFLY IN THE QUANTUM WORLD

Maharshi Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian from Pushkalavati, Gandhara, in modern day Charsadda District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (fl. 6th century BC).Panini is known for his Sanskrit grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics in the grammar known as Ashtadhyayi (अष्टाध्यायी Ashtadhyayi, meaning "eight chapters"), the foundational text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines of Vedic religion.

12. Maharshi Panini

is one of the earliest known grammars of Sanskrit, although Pāṇini refers to previous texts like the Unadisutra, Dhatupatha, and Ganapatha. It is the earliest known work on descriptive linguistics, and together with the work of his immediate predecessors (Nirukta, Nighantu, Pratishakyas) stands at the beginning of the history of linguistics itself. His theory of morphological analysis was more advanced than any equivalent Western theory before the mid 20th century, and his analysis of noun compounds still forms the basis of modern linguistic theories of compounding,

 Detailed Information about Maharshi Panini With Photo Available at myguru.in

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