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Areas of Language
There are two main areas of language:
- Receptive language (understanding): Comprehension of language.
- Expressive language (using language): The use of language through speech, sign or alternative forms of communication to communicate wants, needs, thoughts and ideas.
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6-12 Months
- Attends to sounds and voices
- Recognises facial expressions and tones of voice
- Babbling (e.g. ma-ma, da-da)
- Takes turns vocalising with others
- Recognises names of a few objects
- IF MILESTONES NOT REACHED:
- May have difficulties socialising with parents and joint attention
- May affect muscle tone in the face as babbling helps to strengthen the muscles
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1-2 Years
- Responds
to familiar requests (e.g. come here) and own name - Understands gestures (e.g. wave for ‘bye’)
- Babbling (e.g. ma-ma, da-da)
- Takes turns vocalising with others
- Recognises names of a few objects
- Can understand one key word in a sentence (e.g. Where’s your nose?)
- By 2 years vocabulary is 250-300 words
- IF MILESTONES NOT REACHED:
- May have difficulties socialising with parents and joint attention
- May struggle to copy and learn from others due to poor understanding and attention
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2-3 Years
- Follows 2 part instructions
- Points to main body parts,
clothing items, toys and food when asked - Names actions
- By 3 years uses 1000 words
- Minimum of 2-3 words in a sentence
- Still talks to self in long monologues
- Talks about present events
- Regular Plurals
- Articles
- Progressive –ing
- Uses Pronouns
- Regular Past Tense
- Possessive ‘s
- Position
- Size
- Quantity
- Other: stop; go/start; loud;
quiet; heavy; soft; fast; hot; cold - Understands and asks What and Where questions
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If 2-3y milestones not reached:
- IF MILESTONES NOT REACHED:
- May have difficulties socialising with peers and joint attention
- May struggle to copy and learn from others due to poor understanding and attention
- May have difficulties following instructions
- May have difficulties being understood by peers
- May have difficulties being understood by unfamiliar people
- May have difficulties expressing wants, needs, thoughts and ideas
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3-4 Years
- Follows 3 part
instructions - Understands longer, more complex sentences
- By 4 years uses nearly 1500 words
- Minimum of 3-4 word sentences
- Tells you what they are doing
- Tells you the function or use of an object
- Begins to talk about past events
- Auxiliary ‘is’
- Pronouns ‘he/she’
- Connector ‘and’
- 3rd Person Singular
- Contracted Negative
- Contracted Copula
- Past Participle
- Position:bottom; behind; first; near
- Size:short
(length) – emerging; short (height) - Quantity:3; every; none
- Other:hard; slow; light (weight); many colours
- Understands Who questions
- Asks What, Why, When and How questions
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If 3-4 Year Milestones not reached:
- May have difficulties socialising with peers
- May struggle to copy and learn from others due to poor understanding and attention
- May have difficulties following instructions at home, child care, kindergarten
- May have difficulties being understood by peers
- May have difficulties being understood by unfamiliar people
- May have difficulties expressing wants, needs, thoughts and ideas
- May have difficulties responding appropriately to questions
- Word finding difficulties causing disfluent speech
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4-5 Years
- Follows the meaning of others’ conversations
- Continuing to expand
- Can generally understand colour and shape words
- Can sort objects into simple categories
- Minimum of 4-5 word sentences
- Talks about past and future events
- Pronouns
- Comparative –er and Superlative
- Use of ‘is’ vs ‘are‘
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If 4-5 Year Milestones not reached:
- May have difficulties socialising
- May struggle to copy and learn from others due to poor understanding and attention
- May have difficulties following instructions at home, kindergarten
- May have difficulties being understood by peers
- May have difficulties being understood by unfamiliar people
- May have difficulties expressing wants, needs, thoughts and ideas
- May have difficulties responding appropriately to questions
- Word finding difficulties causing disfluent speech
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5-6 Years
- Follows the meaning of others’ conversations
- Follows multi-step instructions
- Vocabulary comprehension increases
- Vocabulary comprehension increases
- Uses more complex sentences
- Uses imaginative language in play – likes to pretend and act out stories
- Tells several attributes
about an object - Irregular past tense – e.g. fell, broke, ate
- Time: yesterday, tomorrow, morning, afternoon, later
- Uses How and Where questions
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If 5-6 Year Milestones not reached:
- May have difficulties socialising
- May have poor attention and concentration
- May have difficulties following instructions at home, school
- May have difficulties retelling events
- May have difficulties following routines
- May have difficulties being understood by unfamiliar people
- May have difficulties expressing thoughts and ideas verbally and in written form
- May have difficulties responding appropriately to questions
- Word finding difficulties
causing disfluent speech
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6-7 Years
- Ideas are shared
- Follows multi-step instructions
- Can classify objects according to more specific traits
- Gives short oral reports
- Uses language
at a higher level to make jokes, tease, engage in sarcasm, argue point of view,
explain complex situations, talk about movies or past events in detail
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If 6-7 Milestones not reached:
- May have difficulties socialising
- May have poor attention and concentration
- May have difficulties following instructions at home, school
- May have difficulties retelling events
- May have difficulties being understood by unfamiliar people
- May have difficulties expressing thoughts and ideas verbally and in written form
- May have difficulties responding appropriately to questions
- Word finding difficulties causing disfluent speech
- May have difficulties with
reading fluency and comprehension
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7-8 Years
- Can listen for a sustained period of time (e.g. attend to a guest speaker at school)
- No specific milestones
- Can express their opinion
- Can retell both imaginary
and real events - Uses appropriate grammar in their speech and written work
- Can problem solve
- Will ask questions to clarify information
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If 7-8 Milestones not reached:
- May have difficulties socialising
- May have poor attention and concentration
- May have difficulties following instructions at home, school
- May have difficulties retelling events
- Mayhave difficulties problem solving
- May have difficulties expressing thoughts and ideas verbally and in written form
- May have difficulties responding appropriately to questions
- Word finding difficulties causing disfluent speech
- May have difficulties with
reading fluency and comprehension
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4-5 Years P2
- Past Tense “to be”
- Connector ‘because
- Adverb –ly
- Irregular Plurals
- Position: middle; around; away from; between; through; next to/beside; last
- Size, tall, thin
- Quantity:4; most; few
- Position
- Quantity: 5 (emerging); pair
- Other: same; different (size); different (function)
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6-7 Years P2
- Develops written language skills and ability to write descriptive stories
- Grammar is mature
- Position: left; right
- Other: same; different; season; time of day
- Can understand the difference between reality and fantasy
- Able to make predictions, justify decisions, provide solutions and give explanations
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