To define a paradigm shift, we should first look at a definition for a paradigm.
A paradigm is defined as a pattern that may be copied, or a group of ideas about how something should be done, made or thought about.
A paradigm shift is then defined as a major change that happens when a new and different way replaces the regular way of thinking or doing something.

A paradigm shift

Psychologist Jean Piaget saw children's development as a series of separate stages marked by periods of adjustments. Inspired partly by Piaget, Thomas Kuhn - a physicist, philosopher, and historian of science -proposed two kinds of scientific change:
<ul>
<li>Incremental developments in the course of "normal science."</li>
<li>Scientific revolutions that accentuate the more stable phases.</li>
</ul>
He proposed that scientific revolutions are not a matter of incremental progress; they involve "paradigm shifts."

History of the paradigm shift

The term paradigm can be used in many distinct senses. For example:
<ul>
<li>A paradigm could refer to a special kind of achievement that draws an enduring group of adherents away from competing modes of scientific activity, but is open enough to leave all sorts of problems for the new group to solve.</li>
<li>Paradigms can be used to offer general epistemological viewpoints, like a broad sweep of reality, when it "determines large areas of experience at the same time."</li>
</ul>
What Thomas Kuhn meant originally by paradigm has, over time, assumed an expansive set of meanings, sufficiently open-ended to allow other possibilities to be explored.

Various distinct senses

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 Yagi Studio/Getty Images
 
 </div>Thomas Kuhn, the well-known physicist, philosopher and historian of science, was born 94 years ago today. He went on to become an important and broad-ranging thinker, and one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century.Kuhn's 1962 book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, transformed the philosophy of science and changed the way many scientists think about their work. But his influence extended well beyond the academy: The book was widely read — and seeped into popular culture. One measure of his influence is the widespread use of the term "paradigm shift," which he introduced in articulating his views about how science changes over time.Inspired, in part, by the theories of psychologist Jean Piaget, who saw children's development as a series of discrete stages marked by periods of transition, Kuhn posited two kinds of scientific change: incremental developments in the course of what he called "normal science," and scientific revolutions that punctuate these more stable periods. He suggested that scientific revolutions are not a matter of incremental advance; they involve "paradigm shifts."Talk of paradigms and paradigm shifts has since become commonplace — not only in science, but also in <a href="http://business.inquirer.net/211933/the-paradigm-shifts-that-will-help-startups-up-their-game" dir="ltr">business</a>, <a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/07/13/485895828/black-lives-matter-founders-describe-paradigm-shift-in-the-movement" dir="ltr">social movements</a> and beyond. In a <a href="http://www.robertfulford.com/Paradigm.html" dir="ltr">column</a> at The Globe and Mail, Robert Fulford describes paradigm as "a crossover hit: It moved nimbly from science to culture to sports to business."But what, exactly, is a paradigm shift? Or, for that matter, a paradigm?The Merriam-Webster dictionary offers the following:Simple Definition of <a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paradigm" dir="ltr">paradigm</a>:<UL><LI> : a model or pattern for something that may be copied </LI><LI> : a theory or a group of ideas about how something should be done, made, or thought about </LI></UL>Accordingly, a <a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paradigm%20shift?utm_campaign=sd&amp;utm_medium=serp&amp;utm_source=jsonld" dir="ltr">paradigm shift</a> is defined as "an important change that happens when the usual way of thinking about or doing something is replaced by a new and different way."More than 50 years after Kuhn's famous book, these definitions may seem intuitive rather than technical. But do they capture what Kuhn actually had in mind in developing an account of scientific change?It turns out this question is hard to answer — not because paradigm has an especially technical or obscure definition, but because it has many. In a <a href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/philosophy/philosophy-science/criticism-and-growth-knowledge-proceedings-international-colloquium-philosophy-science-london-1965-volume-4" dir="ltr">paper</a> published in 1970, Margaret Masterson presented a careful reading of Kuhn's 1962 book. She identified 21 distinct senses in which Kuhn used the term paradigm. (That's right: 21.)Consider a few examples.First, a paradigm could refer to a special kind of achievement. Masterson quotes Kuhn, who introduces a paradigm as a textbook or classic example that is "sufficiently unprecedented to attract an enduring group of adherents away from competing modes of scientific activity," but that is simultaneously "sufficiently open-ended to leave all sorts of problems for the redefined group of practitioners to resolve." Writes Kuhn: "Achievements that share these two characteristics I shall henceforth refer to as 'paradigms.' "But in other parts of the text, paradigms cover more ground. Paradigms can offer general epistemological viewpoints, like the "philosophical paradigm initiated by Descartes," or define a broad sweep of reality, as when "Paradigms determine large areas of experience at the same time."Given this bounty of related uses, Masterson asks a provocative question:<BLOCKQUOTE>Is there, philosophically speaking, anything definite or general about the notion of a paradigm which Kuhn is trying to make clear? Or is he just a historian-poet describing different happenings which have occurred in the course of the history of science, and referring to them all by using the same word "paradigm"?</BLOCKQUOTE>In the end, Masterson distills Kuhn's 21 senses of paradigm into a more respectable three, and she identifies what she sees as both novel and important aspects of Kuhn's "paradigm view" of science. But for our purposes, Masterson's analysis sheds light on two questions that turn out to be related: what Kuhn meant by paradigm in the first place, and how a single word managed to assume such a broad and expansive set of meanings after being unleashed by Kuhn's book.Of course, Kuhn can't be blamed single-handedly for the way paradigm — and its shiftier cousin — have propagated in popular culture. What he did do was provide some classic examples of the term that were sufficiently unprecedented to attract adherents away from more mundane alternatives, but sufficiently open-ended to leave all sorts of possibilities for others to explore. And that, I suppose, is an achievement.Tania Lombrozo is a psychology professor at the University of California, Berkeley. She writes about psychology, cognitive science and philosophy, with occasional forays into parenting and veganism. You can keep up with more of what she is thinking on Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/tanialombrozo" dir="ltr">@TaniaLombrozo</a>

Thomas Kuhn, the well-known physicist, philosopher and historian of science, was born 94 years ago today. Psychologist Tania Lombrozo takes a look at what his "paradigm shift" really means.

What Is A Paradigm Shift, Anyway?

A paradigm shift

History of the paradigm shift

Various distinct senses

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