10 Philosophical Concepts You Should Know

Introspection is a way of achieving self-knowledge by observing internal reactions to events in the external world. It helps to examine beliefs and provides a complete picture of the relationship between thoughts and actions.

Solipsism is the belief that only a person's perception of reality and their thoughts are available to them, while the entire external world is beyond the bounds of certainty.

A religious and philosophical concept that attempts to vindicate God's existence in the face of evil and suffering. It is often asked why God allows evil to exist if He is omnipotent and good.

This philosophical concept denies the existence of absolute moral standards and categories, recognizing that morality is a relative concept.

A philosophical concept in ethics that suggests treating others as you want to be treated. It emphasizes the importance of considering others as the ultimate goal rather than as a means to an end.

The belief that everything is predetermined and that free will does not exist, or the belief in the possibility of free will and the uncertainty of predetermined outcomes.

A philosophical concept originates from Rene Descartes: "I think, therefore I am." It proclaims the dominant position of the subject and serves as the metaphysical basis of modern philosophy.

A phrase coined by Friedrich Nietzsche signifies the death of God as a fact in traditional society and the end of the Christian worldview. It led to a crisis in the value system and the rise of postmodernity

A feeling of anxiety and despair associated with the loss of the meaning of life. It is often provoked by difficult situations, uncertainty, illness, or life upheavals.