Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai's Key Ideas from The Logic of Scientific Discovery
by Karl Raimund Popper

Inductive reasoning is inherently flawed:

• Inductive reasoning makes broad conclusions based on specific observations
• This it is not a reliable method of gaining knowledge.

Deduction is the main driver of scientific progress

• Scientists do not rely on induction
• Instead scientists make advances by testing daring hypotheses through deductive reasoning

The scientific method is a way of learning through predicting and testing hypotheses against observations:

• Science advances by predicting from hypotheses
• Testing against observations shows accuracy
• Failed predictions revise hypotheses, leading to progress

The demarcation problem distinguishes scientific theories from metaphysical ones based on testability:

• Science must engage with empirical tests
• Metaphysical theories lack empirical verifiability

The journey of a scientist is guided by practicalities, not aesthetics:

• Simpler theories are not favored for their beauty
• Theories are favored if they are easier to test and prove wrong
• Simplicity is linked to a theory's ability to be falsified
• The fewer assumptions, the easier the theory is to falsify

The concept of probability is used in science to describe the likelihood of events, but many caveats apply:

• Probabilities are not guarantees, but rather estimates based on available evidence
• A low probability estimate cannot be used to prove or disprove a theory on their own
• Testing against empirical data is necessary to validate the utility of probabilities