<p><strong>Minakari</strong> or <strong>Meenakari</strong>  is the process of painting and colouring the surfaces of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" target="_self">metals</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic" target="_self">ceramic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiles" target="_self">tiles</a> through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enameling" target="_self">enameling</a> ,originating in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran" target="_self">Safavid Iran</a>. It is practiced as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" target="_self">art</a> form and commercially produced mainly in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" target="_self">Iran</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" target="_self">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" target="_self">Pakistan</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" target="_self">India</a> (the term <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundan" target="_self">Kundan</a> is more widely used in India). Minakari art usually involves intricate designs (mainly using geometric shapes and designs) and is applied as a decorative feature to serving dishes, containers, vases, frames, display ornaments and jewelry.&nbsp;</p>

MINAKARI - the blue art of India

<p>The word Mīnākārī is a compound word composed of the words mina and kari. Mīnā is a feminine variation of the word mīnū which means paradise or heaven. Kārī means to do or place something onto something else. Together the word Mīnākārī means to place paradise onto an object.</p>

The story behind the name

<p>The process usually includes the fusing of coloured powder glass onto a substrate (metal, glass or ceramics) through intense heat (usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius or 1382 and 1562 degrees Fahrenheit). The powder melts and cures to a smooth, durable glassy coating on metal, glass or ceramics.</p>

The process

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	<h1>Mīnākārī</h1>
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		<div><div><div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Meenakaari_art_from_Iran.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Meenakaari_art_from_Iran.jpg/220px-Meenakaari_art_from_Iran.jpg"/></a>  <div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Meenakaari_art_from_Iran.jpg"></a></div>An example of Meenakari from Iran.</div></div></div> 
<p><b> Minakari</b> or <b>Meenakari</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language">Persian</a>: <span>میناکاری</span>‎) is the process of painting and colouring the surfaces of <a href="/wiki/Metal">metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic">ceramic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiles">tiles</a> through <a href="/wiki/Enameling">enameling</a> originating in <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran">Safavid Iran</a>.  It is practiced as an <a href="/wiki/Art">art</a> form and commercially produced mainly in <a href="/wiki/Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/India">India</a> (the term <a href="/wiki/Kundan">Kundan</a> is more widely used in India). Minakari art usually involves intricate designs (mainly using geometric shapes and designs) and is applied as a decorative feature to serving dishes, containers, vases, frames, display ornaments and jewelry.<sup><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><input/><div><h2>Contents</h2><span><label></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Etymology"><span>1</span> <span>Etymology</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#History"><span>2</span> <span>History</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#Process"><span>3</span> <span>Process</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#See_also"><span>4</span> <span>See also</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#References"><span>5</span> <span>References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<h2><span>Etymology</span><span><span>[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABn%C4%81k%C4%81r%C4%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1">edit</a><span>]</span></span></h2>
<p>The word Mīnākārī is a compound word composed of the words mina and kari.  Mīnā is a feminine variation of the word mīnū which means paradise or heaven.  Kārī means to do or place something onto something else.  Together the word Mīnākārī means to place paradise onto an object.
</p>
<h2><span>History</span><span><span>[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABn%C4%81k%C4%81r%C4%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2">edit</a><span>]</span></span></h2>
<div><div><a href="/wiki/File:MeenaKaari2.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MeenaKaari2.jpg/220px-MeenaKaari2.jpg"/></a>  <div><div><a href="/wiki/File:MeenaKaari2.jpg"></a></div>Meenakaari art from Iran</div></div></div><div><div><a href="/wiki/File:MeenaKaari1.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MeenaKaari1.jpg/220px-MeenaKaari1.jpg"/></a>  <div><div><a href="/wiki/File:MeenaKaari1.jpg"></a></div>Meenakaari art from Iran</div></div></div><p>The art of enameling metal for ornamental reasons has been traced back to the Parthian and Sassanid period of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_history">Iranian history</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> However the meticulous ornamental work seen today can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran">Safavid Iran</a> around the 15th century.  The Moghuls introduced it into India and perfected the technique making the design applied on objects more intricate.  The craft reached its peak in Iran during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.<sup><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> In the twentieth century Iranian artisans specializing in meenakari were invited to other regions to assist with training local craftsmen.<sup><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> In India Rajasthan and Gujarat are most famous for their Mīnākārī artifacts and jewelry.
</p><h2><span>Process</span><span><span>[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABn%C4%81k%C4%81r%C4%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3">edit</a><span>]</span></span></h2>
<p>The process usually includes the fusing of coloured powder glass onto a substrate (metal, glass or ceramics) through intense heat (usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius or 1382 and 1562 degrees Fahrenheit).  The powder melts and cures to a smooth, durable glassy coating on metal, glass or ceramics.<sup><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span>See also</span><span><span>[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABn%C4%81k%C4%81r%C4%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4">edit</a><span>]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Iran">Arts of Iran</a></li></ul>
<h2><span>References</span><span><span>[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABn%C4%81k%C4%81r%C4%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5">edit</a><span>]</span></span></h2>
<style>.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div>
<div><ol>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span><style>.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite>Mirrazavi, Firouzeh, <a href="http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/The_Art_of_Minakari_2.htm"><i>The Art of Minakari</i></a>, Iran Review (accessed=March 17, 2020)</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite>Bānk-i Millī-i Īrān (1977), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrYOAQAAMAAJ"><i>A Survey of Persian handicraft: a pictorial introduction to the contemporary folk arts and art crafts of modern Iran</i></a>, Survey of Persian Art. Digitised 18 Aug 2010, University of Michigan</cite><span></span>, pp.162-164</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite>Borjian, Habib (2007), <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/isfahan-xiii-crafts"><i>Isfahan xiii. CRAFTS</i></a>, Encyclopaedia Iranica</cite><span></span>, Vol. XIV, Fasc. 1, pp.48-55</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCQBuEd4x4C&amp;q=minakari+iran"><i>The Constituent Assembly (Legislature) of Pakistan Debate: Official Report, Volume 1</i></a>, Manager of Publications, University of Minnesota, 1952</cite><span></span>, p.395</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite>Mirrazavi, Firouzeh, <a href="http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/The_Art_of_Minakari_2.htm"><i>The Art of Minakari</i></a>, Iran Review (accessed=March 17, 2020)</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite><a href="https://en.irancultura.it/mine/"><i>Minakari (The Smaltatura)</i></a>, CULTURAL INSTITUTE OF THE REP. ISL. OF THE IRAN IN ROME (accessed=March 17, 2020)</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>




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<p><b>Minakari </b>or <b>Meenakari </b>(<a href="/wiki/Persian_language">Persian </a>: <span>میناکاری </span>‎) is the process of painting and colouring the surfaces of <a href="/wiki/Metal">metals </a>and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic">ceramic </a><a href="/wiki/Tiles">tiles </a>through <a href="/wiki/Enameling">enameling </a>originating in <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran">Safavid Iran </a>. It is practiced as an <a href="/wiki/Art">art </a>form and commercially produced mainly in <a href="/wiki/Iran">Iran </a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan">Afghanistan </a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan">Pakistan </a>and <a href="/wiki/India">India </a>(the term <a href="/wiki/Kundan">Kundan </a>is more widely used in India). Minakari art usually involves intricate designs (mainly using geometric shapes and designs) and is applied as a decorative feature to serving dishes, containers, vases, frames, display ornaments and jewelry.<sup><a href="#cite_note-1">[1] </a> </sup> </p>

<ul><li><a href="#Etymology"><span>1 </span><span>Etymology </span> </a> </li><li><a href="#History"><span>2 </span><span>History </span> </a> </li><li><a href="#Process"><span>3 </span><span>Process </span> </a> </li><li><a href="#See_also"><span>4 </span><span>See also </span> </a> </li><li><a href="#References"><span>5 </span><span>References </span> </a> </li> </ul>

<p>The word Mīnākārī is a compound word composed of the words mina and kari. Mīnā is a feminine variation of the word mīnū which means paradise or heaven. Kārī means to do or place something onto something else. Together the word Mīnākārī means to place paradise onto an object. </p>

<p>The art of enameling metal for ornamental reasons has been traced back to the Parthian and Sassanid period of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_history">Iranian history </a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-2">[2] </a> </sup>However the meticulous ornamental work seen today can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran">Safavid Iran </a>around the 15th century. The Moghuls introduced it into India and perfected the technique making the design applied on objects more intricate. The craft reached its peak in Iran during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.<sup><a href="#cite_note-3">[3] </a> </sup>In the twentieth century Iranian artisans specializing in meenakari were invited to other regions to assist with training local craftsmen.<sup><a href="#cite_note-4">[4] </a> </sup>In India Rajasthan and Gujarat are most famous for their Mīnākārī artifacts and jewelry. </p>

<p>The process usually includes the fusing of coloured powder glass onto a substrate (metal, glass or ceramics) through intense heat (usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius or 1382 and 1562 degrees Fahrenheit). The powder melts and cures to a smooth, durable glassy coating on metal, glass or ceramics.<sup><a href="#cite_note-5">[5] </a> </sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-6">[6] </a> </sup> </p>

<ol><li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^ </a> </b> </span><span>.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit} <cite>Mirrazavi, Firouzeh, <a href="http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/The_Art_of_Minakari_2.htm"><i>The Art of Minakari </i> </a>, Iran Review (accessed=March 17, 2020) </cite><span> </span> </span> </li><li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^ </a> </b> </span><span><cite>Bānk-i Millī-i Īrān (1977), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrYOAQAAMAAJ"><i>A Survey of Persian handicraft: a pictorial introduction to the contemporary folk arts and art crafts of modern Iran </i> </a>, Survey of Persian Art. Digitised 18 Aug 2010, University of Michigan </cite><span> </span>, pp.162-164 </span> </li><li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^ </a> </b> </span><span><cite>Borjian, Habib (2007), <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/isfahan-xiii-crafts"><i>Isfahan xiii. CRAFTS </i> </a>, Encyclopaedia Iranica </cite><span> </span>, Vol. XIV, Fasc. 1, pp.48-55 </span> </li><li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^ </a> </b> </span><span><cite><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCQBuEd4x4C&q=minakari+iran"><i>The Constituent Assembly (Legislature) of Pakistan Debate: Official Report, Volume 1 </i> </a>, Manager of Publications, University of Minnesota, 1952 </cite><span> </span>, p.395 </span> </li><li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^ </a> </b> </span><span><cite>Mirrazavi, Firouzeh, <a href="http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/The_Art_of_Minakari_2.htm"><i>The Art of Minakari </i> </a>, Iran Review (accessed=March 17, 2020) </cite><span> </span> </span> </li><li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^ </a> </b> </span><span><cite><a href="https://en.irancultura.it/mine/"><i>Minakari (The Smaltatura) </i> </a>, CULTURAL INSTITUTE OF THE REP. ISL. OF THE IRAN IN ROME (accessed=March 17, 2020) </cite><span> </span> </span> </li> </ol>

<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ceramic_art">Ceramic art </a> </li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_art">Iranian art </a> </li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vitreous_enamel">Vitreous enamel </a> </li> </ul>

<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text">Articles containing Persian-language text </a> </li> </ul>

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Mīnākārī - Wikipedia

MINAKARI - the blue art of India

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