In the 80s, Blade Runner featured a futuristic city with flying cars and floating advertisements., Star Trek 2: The Wrath of Khan was the first film to feature a computer-generated scene. Immediately after, the first computer graphics elements were featured.

Visual effects in the 80s

Visual effects were created using in-camera effects, such as jump-cuts or superimpositions, miniatures, back projection, and matte paintings. <ul><li>A precursor of animation was by Briton Eadweard Maybridge, who photographed The Horse in Motion in 1878. He photographed frame by frame how a horse's hoofs were off the ground at the same time.</li><li>In 1902, magician George Melies developed the art of magical special effects that he perfected and used in later films.</li></ul>

How the earliest effects were produced

The optical printer was an important innovation in special effects photography. It was first used to make copies of films for distribution, but Linwood G. Dunn refined the design and showed that it could be used to combine images to create new illusions. Colour enabled matte techniques such as bluescreen and the sodium vapour process. The 1939 Wizard of Oz is considered the first colour film.

The optical printer and colour

<ul><li>The number of effects in Star Wars was staggering.</li><li>1973s Westworld was the first to use 2D computer animation.</li><li>Superman from 1978 used bluescreen and smart camerawork that took filmmaking to another level.</li><li>Visual effects supervisor Douglas Trumbull developed his own motion system and created an intentional "lens flare" to make shapes of flying saucers.</li></ul>

Advancements in special effects in the 70s

<ul><li>Jason and the Argonauts (1963) depicts the infamous skeleton battle scene.</li><li>In 1968, 2001: A Space Odyssey, the shots of spaceships were combined through hand-drawn rotoscoping and motion-control work, creating elements that combined precisely in the camera.</li><li>Hidden wires, mirror shots, and large-scale rotating sets helped set zero-gravity scenes.</li><li>A new technique termed slit-scan was used for the voyage through hallucinogenic scenery.</li></ul>

The 60s brought remarkable practical effects

Visual effects in the 2000s revolved around trying to be more realistic and believable. <ul><li>Films like The Lord of The Rings infused an actor's performance onto a computer-generated creature. Other movies advanced this technology to new heights in facial and body motion capture.</li><li>The Mandalorian used a new virtual camera system, allowing film scenes in a virtual reality environment as if it is filmed with physical cameras.</li></ul>

2000s and beyond: Pushing the boundaries

From the earliest days, films use visual magic to create illusions and trickery. 
Special effects in film help to create elements that are unrealistic. Film first relied on practical effects, but now most of the effects are designed with a computer. Whereas visual effects were often seen as decoration, it is now becoming central to many blockbusters.

Visual effects in movies

The many new special effects developed during the 1950s increased the level of realism possibilities in science fiction films.  Forbidden Planet (1956) used matte paintings, animation, and miniature work to create alien lands. In The Ten Commandments (1956), the crowds in the Exodus scenes were multiplied with careful compositing. The Red Sea was a combination of travelling mattes and water tanks.

Special effects during the 1950s 

<ul><li>The 90s opened up new possibilities using Computer-generated imagery. It was now possible to insert life-like imagery by creating photo-realistic images of science-fiction/fantasy characters, settings, and objects.</li><li>Motion capture technology featured in the 1990s, first seen in Total Recall (1990). Then Terminator 2:Judgment Day (1991) showed multiple visual effects shots.</li><li>Toy Story (1995) showed that the distinction between live-action films and animated films began to blur.</li></ul>