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Research and critique
Scholars have expanded cultivation research into other media such as video games and reality TV. Studies also included the impact of media on perceptions of family, sex roles, sexuality, ageing, mental health, science, minority groups, the environment, etc.
However, critics point out that cultivation treats media consumers as passive. By concentrating on the patterns of media messages, cultivation ignores the individual responses to those messages.
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The cultivation theory
The cultivation theory suggests that repeated exposure to media will gradually shape the beliefs of the real world.
George Gerbner proposed the cultivation theory in 1969. He suggested that ongoing exposure to media instilled the belief that the messages spread by the medi...
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The impact of television
Gerbner focused his studies on the impact of television on viewers. He wanted to understand how the broad pattern of television messages impact public knowledge and shape collective perceptions.
Gerbner pointed out the following:
- Television was the leadin...
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The cultural indicators project
The cultivation theory was part of a broader "cultural indicators" project. The project showed three areas of analysis:
- Institutional process analysis - exploring how media messages are formulated and distributed.
- Message system analysis - exam...
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The Mainstream and resonance perspective
Mainstreaming is when frequent television viewers, who would otherwise have independent views, form a homogenous view of the world. In other words, when people with divergent ideas are exposed to the same television ideas, they will develop a shared, mainstream perspective.
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The "mean world syndrome"
Gerber and his colleagues suggested that regular television viewers believed that crime and victimisation were widespread and made people fearful of the world.
Research showed that infrequent television viewers were more trusting of the world
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