As a company selling products, you need to know the costs of creating those products. That’s where the cost of goods sold (COGS) formula comes in. Beyond calculating the costs to produce a good, the COGS formula can also unveil profits for an accounting period, if price changes are necessary, or whether you need to cut down on production costs.Whether you fancy yourself as a business owner or a consumer or both, understanding how to calculate the cost of goods sold can help you feel more informed about the products you’re purchasing — or producing.

Cost Of Goods Sold: A Primer

To calculate cost of goods sold, you have to determine your beginning inventory — meaning your merchandise, including raw materials and supplies, for instance — at the beginning of your <a href="https://mint.intuit.com/blog/investing/balance-sheet/">accounting period</a>. Then add in the new inventory purchased during that period and subtract the ending inventory — meaning the inventory leftover at the end for your accounting period. The extended COGS formula also accounts for returns, allowances, discounts, and freight charges, but we’re sticking to the basics in this explanation.

Calculate Cost of Goods Sold

FIFO: First In, First OutThe first in, first out method, also known as FIFO, is when the earliest goods that were purchased are sold first. Since merchandise prices have a tendency of going up, by using the FIFO method, the company would be selling the least expensive item first. LIFO: Last In, First OutThe last in, first out method, also known as LIFO, is when the most recent goods added to the inventory are sold first.Average Cost MethodThe average cost method is when a company uses the average price of all goods in stock to calculate the beginning and ending inventory costs.

Accounting for Cost of Goods Sold

Direct CostsDirect costs are the costs tied to the production or purchase of a product. <ul><li>Direct labor</li><li>Direct materials</li><li>Manufacturing supplies</li><li>Fuel consumption</li><li>Power consumption</li><li>Production staff wages</li></ul> Indirect CostsIndirect costs go beyond costs tied to the production of a product. They include the costs involved in maintaining and running the company. <ul><li>Utilities</li><li>Marketing campaigns</li><li>Office supplies</li><li>Accounting and payroll services</li><li>Insurance costs</li><li>Employee benefits and perks</li></ul>

The Steps: Identify Direct and Indirect Costs

Since service companies do not have an inventory to sell and COGS accounts for the cost of inventory, they can’t use COGS because they don’t sell a product — they would instead calculate the cost of services. Examples of service companies are accounting firms, law offices, consultants, and real estate appraisers.

Exclusions From COGS Deduction

The beginning inventory will be the amount of inventory leftover from the previous time period, which could be a month, quarter, or year. Beginning inventory is your merchandise, including raw materials, supplies, and finished and unfinished products that were not sold in the previous period.Keep in mind that your beginning inventory cost for that time period should be exactly the same as the ending inventory from the previous period.

The Steps: Determine Beginning Inventory

Cost of goods sold is the cost of producing the goods sold by a company. It includes the cost of materials and labor directly related to that good. However, it excludes indirect expenses such as distribution and sales force costs.

Defining COGS

After determining your beginning inventory, you also have to account for any inventory purchases throughout the period. It’s important to keep track of the cost of shipment and manufacturing for each product, which adds to the inventory costs during the period.

The Steps:  Tally Up Items Added to Your Inventory

Another thing to consider when calculating COGS is that it’s not the same as cost of revenue. Cost of revenue takes into consideration some of the indirect costs associated with sales, such as marketing and distribution, while COGS does not take any indirect costs into consideration.

Cost of Revenue vs. COGS

Business owners are likely familiar with the term “operating expenses.” However, this shouldn’t be confused with the cost of goods sold. Although they are both company expenditures, operating expenses are not directly tied to the production of goods.Operating expenses are indirect costs that keep a company up and running, and can include rent, equipment, insurance, salaries, marketing, and office supplies.

Considerations for Cost of Goods Sold: COGS vs. Operating Expenses

Now that you have all the information to calculate cost of goods sold, all there’s left to do is plug it into the COGS formula.

Final Step: Plug the Info Into the Cost of Goods Sold Equation

When <a href="https://mint.intuit.com/blog/how-to/sell-online/">selling a product</a>, you need to understand the production costs associated with it in a given period, ​​which could be a month, quarter, or year. You can do that by using the cost of goods sold formula. It’s a straightforward calculation that accounts for the beginning and ending inventory, and purchases during the accounting period. Here is a simple breakdown of the cost of goods sold formula:COGS = beginning inventory + purchases during the period – ending inventory

The Formula

The COGS calculation focuses on the inventory of your business. Inventory can be items purchased or made yourself, which is why manufacturing costs are only sometimes considered in the direct costs associated with your COGS.

COGS and Inventory

The ending inventory is the cost of merchandise leftover in the current period. It can be determined by taking a physical inventory of products or estimating that amount. The ending inventory costs can also be reduced if any inventory is damaged, obsolete, or worthless.

The Steps: Determine Ending Inventory

How do you calculate cost of goods sold? Learn how to use the cost of goods sold formula and how it pays off for companies.

Cost of Revenue vs. COGS

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