Learn more about psychology with this collection
How to make rational decisions
The role of biases in decision-making
The impact of social norms on decision-making
Present events are weighted more heavily than future ones; for example, many people prefer to receive £100 now over £110 in a month’s time.
Discounting is non-linear, and its rate is not constant over time. People’s preference for receiving £100 a week from now versus £110 a month and one week from now will not be the same as their preference for receiving £100 a year from now versus £110 a year and one month from now. Although the gap is one month in both cases, the value of events that are farther in the future falls more slowly than those closer to the present.
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Bounded rationality is a term associated with Herbert Simon’s work of the 1950s. According to this view, our minds must be understood relative to the environment in which they evolved. There are restrictions to human information processing, due to limits in knowledge and computa...
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The economist Richard Thaler coined the concept of mental accounting. According to Thaler:
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Information avoidance in behavioral economics refers to situations in which people choose not to obtain knowledge that is freely available.
Active information avoidance includes physical avoidance, inattention, the biased interpretation of information (see also confirmati...
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Humans’ bounded rationality is particularly well illustrated by the concept of choice overload. This phenomenon occurs as a result of too many choices being available to consumers.
Overchoice has been associated with unhappiness, decision fatigue, going with the default option, as ...
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In an ideal world, our decisions would be the result of a careful weighing of costs and benefits and informed by existing preferences. We would always make optimal decisions.
The theory of rational choice assumes that human actors have stable preferences and engage in maxi...
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BE uses psychological experimentation to develop theories about human decision-making and has identified a range of biases as a result of the way people think and feel.
BE is trying to change the way economists think about people’s perceptions of value and expressed prefere...
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Time inconsistency also occurs when our present self fails to predict accurately the preferences of our future self, a point illustrated well by diversification bias.
When shopping for multiple future consumption episodes, I may choose the variety pack of cereal, only ...
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Daniel Kahneman uses a dual-system theoretical framework to explain why our judgments and decisions often do not conform to formal notions of rationality.
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Our willingness to take risks is influenced by the way in which choices are framed, i.e. it is context-dependent.
Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman are perhaps best known for the development of prospect theory and published a number of papers that show that decisions are not always opt...
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Experience, good information, and prompt feedback are key factors that enable people to make good decisions.
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When we make plans for the future, we are often too optimistic.
For example, we are subject to committing the planning fallacy by underestimating how long it will take us to complete a task and ignoring past experience. Similarly, when we try to predict how we will fee...
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We are biased towards the present moment, even though we don’t like being in the present. We will prefer 100 dollars right now than 200 dollars after a year. In our work environment, present work (like a phone call) seems urgent, even though it may not be important.
To esc...
People often relive past experiences or “pre-live” future events, looking for stories that make sense of these experiences in the present moment.
Such meaning cannot be found in objective time, which portrays time as constant and immutable. If all units of time are equival...
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