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Psychologist Aviva Philipp-Muller, now at Simon Fraser University, and colleagues dug into the scientific literature on persuasion and communication, to try and outline an up-to-date and cohesive overview on how to tackle this “wicked problem” of anti-science.
This distrust of the source of information is one of the four main barriers to accepting science Philipp-Muller and colleagues identify in their review.
When information challenges a person’s core beliefs, challenges the group they identify with, or doesn’t match their learning style are the other main barriers the team highlighted.
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One of the biggest myths about communicating science is that merely presenting people with knowledge will lead to them acting accordingly with logic.
This is known as the information deficit model, and the mode of communication we're using here, bu...
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Science adjusts its views based on what’s observed.
Faith is the denial of observation so that belief can be preserved.
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Honestly acknowledging other people’ positions and any drawbacks in your own, rather than brushing them away, can also go a long way to better establishing trust, the team explains.
“Pro-science messages can acknowledge that there are valid concerns on the ...
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In logic, A asserts and B denies. Assertions being proverbially untrue, the presumption would be in favor of B’s innocence were it not that denials are notoriously false.
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Industries are degrading trust in science by hijacking scientific credentials, using “sciency” sounding claims to bolster their clout for profits; companies, such as pharmaceutical companies lately, have most certainly given us plenty of reasons not to trust them. What’s more, science itself does...
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Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth.
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Surround truth with bitter denial and contradiction and you furnish it with the soil for its permanent growth.
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Lack of trust in the information source comes up time and time again as one of the key reasons people don’t accept scientific information.
Legitimate and robust scientific debate can also confuse people who are not familiar with the scientific process, furt...
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The way our thinking is wired as an obligatorily social species makes us very vulnerable to sometimes blindly believing those we identify with as part of our own cultural group – no matter how much education we have had. This phenomenon is called cultural cognition.
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“People get their defenses up if they think they are being attacked or that you’re so different from them that you can’t be credible,” says Petty. “Find some places where you agree and work from there.”
Counterintuitively, increasing someon...
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Much of the misinformation we face is intentional and organized, and even worse, research has found lies seem to spread faster online and are often stickier than the truth.
All this doubt, conflict, and information overload are eroding people’s trust in scientists, and thos...
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This problem is the most straightforward of the four – a simple mismatch in how information is being presented and the style best suited to the receiver. This includes things like preferring abstract compared to concrete information, or being promotion or prevention focused.
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The internal conflicts created by information that challenges our social or personal beliefs such as morals and religion, lead to logical fallacies and cognitive biases such as cognitive dissonance.
Scientific information can be difficult to swallow, and ma...
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In science it often happens that scientists say, “You know, that’s a really good argument; my position is mistaken,” and then they would actually change their minds and you never hear that old view from them again. They really do it. It doesn’t happen as often ...
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Political polarization and social media have only enhanced this. For example, in the US, conservatives are more likely to believe scientists that appear on Fox News, and liberals are more likely to trust those on CNN.
What is more, social media platforms like Facebo...
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“A few observation and much reasoning lead to error; many observations and a little reasoning to truth.” - Alexis Carrel
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