Use Self-Explanations

The spacing effect refers to the benefit of spreading studying sessions out over time.

• For factual knowledge, spacing can be accomplished easily with flashcards.
• For other skills, the best way to benefit from spacing is to mix in practice of older skills while ...

Problem-solving refers to the process you use when you don’t know what the correct method is. One remedy for this problem is to start by studying examples or demonstrations of how to solve the problem.

This can help you understand the best methods to solve a problem before trying it yourse...

For skills at the limits of your abilities, it’s impossible to monitor your performance and simultaneously improve it. Record yourself performing the skill and review it after.

You can focus all of your precious mental bandwidth on performing the task and only later analyze...

• Direct feedback is related to the result you are trying to achieve-say sales for a product launch, bug-free code, or hitting a home run.
• Indirect feedback comes from other people and is a commentary on your performance, but is more accurate.

If we don’t know what type of problem we’re solving before we attempt it, we can only rely on the features of the problem itself. This alone makes our practice more closely approximate the real thing.

Problems don't come in neat packages divided by units in real life.

• If you want to improve your practice efforts, get really clear on what you're trying to get good at.
• Academic skills often have well-defined standards for achievement. Real-life skills are often murkier
• The more ambiguous the skill, the more critical it is to...

You are in the right ballpark when you are correct about 85% of the time. Less than that, and you are likely making the task too difficult, thus making learning less efficient (and more frustrating).

For skills with lumpier difficulty gradients, fine-tune the difficulty.

Retrieval practice is the process of testing yourself with a closed book. It lets you check your knowledge, and it is one of the most effective ways to learn.

A tension exists between the benefits of retrieval and studying examples.

• If the pattern for solvin...