The final claim is that the values that ‘matter’ in some sense exist independently of us. In this view, ethical values are rather like a mathematical formula. Human beings bring them into existence through developing logical ways of thinking about important issues. 

This is as far away from...

1. Use the "feedback sandwich" method when advising. Give a positive comment, then the feedback that could potentially be construed as criticism, and finish by reiterating the positive. That way the criticism is "sandwiched" between two positives, making it seem less harsh.
2. Fo...

• The modern computer is a hierarchically organized system of computational artefacts.
• Hierarchical organization is a means of managing the complexity of an entity.
• Computational artefacts are made things; they process symbol structures signifying information,...