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The basic laws of human stupidity
In 1976, Italian economist Carlo M Cipolla defined the laws as follows:
- Everyone always underestimates the number of stupid individuals in circulation.
- The probability that a specific person is stupid is independent of any other characteristic of that person.
- A stupid person causes losses to another person or group of persons, while he does not gain anything and perhaps incurs losses.
- Non-stupid people always underestimate the damaging power of stupid people. They repeatedly forget that it is always a costly mistake when you deal with and/or associate with stupid people.
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Countries on the rise vs those who are falling
Countries moving forward will have a percentage of stupid people but have an unusually high fraction of intelligent people who overcompensate for the stupid people. Declining nations have many non-stupid people whose behaviour strengthens...
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Stupidity Law #4
Non-stupid people always underestimate the damaging power of stupid individuals. In particular non-stupid people constantly forget that at all times and places and under any circumstances to deal and/or associate with stupid people always turns out to be a costly mistake.
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Stupidity Law #2
The probability that a certain person be stupid is independent of any other characteristic of that person.
Cipolla posits stupidity is a variable that remains constant across all populations. Every category one can imagine—gender, race, nationality, education level, income—...
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