The deeper we focus during deliberate practice sessions, the more we get out of them.<ul><li>If you can pay your full attention for only five minutes in practice, then take a break every five minutes. Increase your focus time as you get better.</li><li>Figure out which practice activities have the biggest potential to increase your performance. Plan to do them first before considering activities that offer marginal gains.</li></ul>

Deliberate practice requires your full attention

The term "deliberate practice" is mostly attributed to Karl Anders Ericsson, an influential figure in the field of performance psychology. Deliberate practice turns amateurs into professionals. It creates top performers in any field.
Doing something regularly but mindlessly is not the same as practicing it. Deliberate practice means repeatedly performing a set of activities with the intention of improving the specific skill.

Defining deliberate practice

Deliberate practice is very challenging and impossible to do all day long. At the high end, top practitioners rarely spend more than three to five hours per day on deliberate practice. More hours often result in diminishing returns. One hour per day is enough for substantial improvements, especially when it's consistently done over a long period.
Enough rest and recovery are vital. During deliberate practice, we need to switch to relaxing activities to feel refreshed.

Deliberate practice requires rest and recovery time

The spacing effect refers to how we can better remember information if we learn them in multiple sessions with increasingly longer intervals between them. It is nearly impossible to practice something once and expect it to stick.
Every time you're learning a new part of a skill, make a schedule for when you'll review it. Typically, it involves going over information after an hour, then a day, then every other day, then weekly, then fortnightly, then monthly, then every six months, then yearly.

Deliberate practice leverages the spacing effect

Most often, deliberate practice is repeated frustration and failure. Similar to a baby learning to walk, we will often fall for every step we take. That is the point. Since deliberate practice targets our weakest areas, it means doing the stuff we're not good at. We will get frustrated. 
Set a short, ambitious goal once a month, not impossible, then challenge yourself to it.

Deliberate practice is challenging and uncomfortable

While engaging in deliberate practise, we are always looking for errors or areas of weakness. Once we identify it, we establish a plan for improving it. If one approach does not work, we keep trying new ones until it does.
In using deliberate practice, we can overcome many limitations we might see as fixed. We can go further than we ever thought possible.

Deliberate practice aims at constant progress

Our nature is to choose the easiest thing. When we practice something a lot, we develop habits that make the task almost effortless. While it may be helpful, it can interfere with our improvement. 
Deliberate practice means finding the weak areas that impact your overall performance and then target those.
<ul>
<li>Break the skill you want to improve into the smallest possible parts.</li>
<li>Then work through them in a logical order, starting with the fundamentals.</li>
<li>Put your practice sessions on your calendar.</li>
</ul>

Deliberate practice is structured and methodical

Persisting with deliberate practice needs a lot of motivation. However, the motivation needs to come from within, not from external rewards or to avoid a negative consequence. We need to enjoy getting better for its own sake.
<ul>
<li>Make a list of reasons you want to work on a skill and the benefits you've experienced.</li>
<li>Keep a "motivation diary" for one week, scoring your motivation level every fifteen minutes during each pratice session.</li>
<li>Find a cheerleader to help sustain motivation.</li>
</ul>

Deliberate practice requires intrinsic motivation

Deliberate practice is most effective when used with a coach some of the time to give feedback, point out problems, suggest techniques for improvement, and provide vital motivation.
A coach can see your performance from a different perspective. If you don't have access to a coach, built the skill of metacognition (knowledge about your own knowledge), where it becomes possible to coach yourself systematically.

Deliberate practice: Using a coach or teacher

Practicing something without knowing if you are getting better is pointless. 
<ul>
<li>Identify the most important metrics related to performance. Keep a record of them each time you practice.</li>
<li>Be careful of vanity metrics. For example, if you use deliberate practice to improve email marketing skills to get more customers for your business. An increase in email subscribers is a vanity metric; the number of paying customers is a useful metric.</li>
</ul>

Deliberate practice involves constant feedback and measurement

Deliberate practice is more complex and nuanced than we like to believe.
<ul>
<li>Deliberate practice is necessary but insufficient. Once you reach a high level for any skill, everyone at that level is engaging in a lot of deliberate practice. Then more luck and randomness, innate talents or physical advantages matter.</li>
<li>Practitioners miss out on other parts of life as they devote most of their time to practice.</li>
<li>Sometimes, we can practice past the point where it serves us. We need to know when to pivot.</li>
</ul>

Limitations of deliberate practice

Deliberate practice is a universal technique employed in any area you're trying to be the best at or get a little bit better at. 
For example, competitive fields with clear measurements such as music, dance football, horse riding, swimming, or chess. But we can also improve performance in fields such as teaching, nursing, surgery, therapy, programming, trading, writing, decision-making, leadership, studying, and communication.

Fields where we can improve performance

<ul>
<li>Deliberate practice tends to fast track progress, but truly mastering a skill is a lifelong process. </li>
<li>There are no examples of people labelled as prodigies that did not put in enormous amounts of deliberate practice.</li>
<li>Creative genius tends to come after ten years of studying relevant knowledge and developing skills, research found.</li>
<li>Those who eventually gain recognition produce an enormous quantity of less remarkable work.</li>
</ul>

Deliberate practice takes time

"…A critical part of self-evaluation is deciding what caused those errors. Average performers believe their errors were caused by factors outside their control: my opponent got lucky; the task was too hard; I just don’t have the natural ability for this. Top performers, by contrast, believe they are responsible for their errors."

Deliberate practice is the key to expert performance in writing, teaching, sports, programming, music, medicine, therapy, chess, business, and more. But there’s more to it than 10,000 hours. Read to learn how to accelerate learning, overcome plateaus, turn experience into expertise, and enhance focus.