Banks loan money they don't have. Most hold a limited reserve to serve the few who decide to make redraws. When the majority decides to liquidate their bank accounts we have what is called a bank run.
In order to protect the banks, central banks were created to provide a guaranteed reserve for commercial banks. But once the government stepped in to protect the banks the fractional reserve mandates(only a fraction of deposits are backed by actual cash) began to be used to make up the money from thin air. Every dollar that a bank holds can be multiplied by at least 10x.
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