Socialism is a political, social, & economic philosophy characterised by social ownership of the means of production.There have been numerous political movements such as anarchism, communism, Marxism, social democracy & etc., whose members called themselves socialists under some definition of the term-all of these interpretations have generated debate over the true meaning of socialism.

Socialism

Conservatists often:<ul><li>promote traditional social institutions</li><li>oppose modernism </li><li>return to traditional values</li></ul>There is no single set of policies regarded as conservative because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place & time.

Conservatism

Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy & political freedom, emphasizing:<ul><li>free association</li><li>freedom of choice</li><li>individualism</li><li>voluntary association</li></ul>Libertarians share a skepticism of authority and state power, and some seek to abolish capitalism & private ownership of the means of production.

Libertarianism

A government is the system of a group of people governing an organized community. It consists of:<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature">Legislature</a> (make laws)</li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)">Executive</a> (execute & enforce law)</li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary">Judiciary</a> (interprets, defends & applies law)</li></ul> Government is a means to:<ol><li>Enforce organizational <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy">policies</a>.</li><li>Mechanism for determining policies.</li></ol> Each government has:<ul><li>a kind of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution">constitution</a></li><li>a statement of its governing principles</li><li>philosophy</li></ul>

Government

Communism is a specific form of socialism with the ultimate goal of establishing a communist society that consists of:<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ownership">common ownership</a> of the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_production">means of production</a> </li><li>absence of social classes, money, & the state.</li></ul> Communism analyses that:<ol><li>There is an exploitative relationship between the 2 major social classes in the current order of society (<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism">capitalism</a>), the proletariat (working class) & the bourgeoisie (capitalist class).</li><li>This situation can only be resolved through a social revolution.</li></ol>

Communism

Transhumanist politics constitutes a group of political ideologies that generally express the belief in improving human individuals through science & technology.

Transhumanism

Environmentalism advocates the reservation, restoration & improvement of the natural environment and critical earth system elements (ecodiversity, climate, habitats, etc.) on which humans depend in such a way that all the components are accorded a proper degree of sustainability.

Environmentalism

Liberalism is a political & moral philosophy based on:<ul><li>Liberty (freedom of speech, press, expression & religion)</li><li>Consent of the governed (democracy)</li><li>Equality before the law (civil & human rights)</li></ul>They generally support <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market">free markets</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade">free trade</a>, capitalism limited government & <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism">secularism</a>.

Liberalism

Democracy is a form of government in which the people have the authority to choose their governing legislators. Emphasis on: <ul><li>freedom of assembly & speech</li><li>inclusiveness and equality (minority rights)</li><li>Membership (citizenship)</li><li>consent</li><li>voting</li><li>right to life </li></ul>

Democracy

Anarchism is a political ideology that rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy/authority (including <a href="http://struggle.ws/wsm/capital.html">capitalism</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism#:~:text=Nationalism%20is%20an%20idea%20and,-governance)%20over%20its%20homeland.">nationalism</a>, the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)">state</a> & all associated institutions) in the conduct of all human relations (interpersonal relationships). Favours of a society based on:<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization#:~:text=Decentralization%20or%20decentralisation%20is%20the,central%2C%20authoritative%20location%20or%20group.">decentralisation</a></li><li>freedom </li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_association">voluntary association</a></li></ul>

Anarchism

An economic system is a system of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_(economics)">production</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_allocation">resource allocation</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(economics)">distribution</a> of goods & services within a society or a given geographic area. 3 economic problems that should be solved by economic systems:<ul><li>What & how much should be produced?</li><li>How should it be produced?</li><li>Distribution method?</li></ul>

Economic system

A political ideology is a set of ethical principles of a social institution that explains how society should work. Contains certain ideas on what would be the best:<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government">Form of government</a> </li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_system">Economic system</a></li></ul> Has 2 dimensions: <ol><li>goals: how society should be organized.</li><li>methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.</li></ol>

Political ideology

Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by:<ul><li>Rejection of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)">political plurality</a> (diversity).</li><li>A strong (unregulated) central power.</li><li>power maintained by political repression.</li></ul>Types:<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy">autocratic</a> (1 person in power)</li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy">oligarchic</a> (a small group in power)</li></ul>

Transhumanism

Similar ideas to Transhumanism

Navigating Politics with a Philosophical Lens

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4. Unity